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Carbon and Molecular Diversity of Life (Carbon atoms can form diverse…
Carbon and Molecular Diversity of Life
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon-containing compounds
Early chemists could not make the complex molecules found in living organisms
Stanley Miller's 1953 experiment showed that organic molecules could form under conditions believed to stimulate those on early Earth
Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms
Hydrocarbons consists of only carbon and hydrogen
Hydrocarbon chains are hydrophobic due to their nonpolar C-H bonds, and they release energy when broken down
Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements and thus different properties
Structural isomers differ in the covalent arrangements of atoms and often in the location of double bonds
Cis-trans isomers have the same sequence of covalently bonded atoms overall but differ in structure due to the inflexibility of double bonds
Enantiomers are left- and right-handed versions of a molecule and can differ greatly in their biological activity
A few chemical groups are key to molecular function
The following six functional groups may participate in chemical reactions
The hydroxyl group consists of an oxygen and hydrogen (-OH)
A carbonyl group consists of a carbon double-bonded to an oxygen ( CO)
A carbonxyl group consists of a carbon double-bonded to an oxygen and also attached to a hydroxyl group (-COOH)
An amino group consists of a nitrogen atom bonded by two hydrogen atoms (-NH )
The sulfhydryl group consists of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen (-SH)
A phosphate group is bonded to a carbon skeleton by an oxygen attached to a phosphorus atom that is bonded to three other oxygen atoms (-OPO )
A methyl group consists of a carbon bonded to three H atoms (-CH )
Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, consists of the organic molecule adenosine to which three phosphate groups are attached