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ch 13 (blood vessels 13.1 (arterioles (very small arteries, deliver blood…

- - - - thickest layer, composed of smooth muscle cells, elastic fibers
    - - surrounds lumen, composed of layer of endothelium, basement membrane, internal elastic lamina
    - - outermost layer, elastic fibers, collagen fibers
- - - - detect changes in BP in aorta and carotid arteries
    - - detect changes in key blood chemical concentration (H+, CO2, and O2)
  - - - increases reabsorption of water b y kidneys, causes vasoconstriction of arterioles during diuresis
    - - renin released from kidneys, 4 diff targets cause vasoconstriction of arterioles and causes secreation of aldosterone
    - - increases na+ and water reabsorption in kidneys
  - - - vasodialators- more blood flow
      - vasoconstrictors- decrease blood flow
- - - - the pressure exerted by blood on the wall of blood vessel, rises to max during systole and falls to its lowest during distole
    - - pressure pushes on capillary walls, hydrostatic pressure (100/35)
      - chp up bop (arterial side) fluid moves into tissues
        bop up chp (venule side) fluid moves into vessel
        chp = bop no net fluid movement
  - - - liquids cant be compressed (hydrostatic pressure), liquid will flow high to low
    - - total peripheral resistance- vascular resistance, viscosity, and turbulence
      - resistance is the opposition to blood flow primarily due to friction
        
        friction depends on:
        
        total blood vessel length, high blood vessel, length, R and BP, normally constant, direct relationship
        
        blood vessel radius, high radius, low r and bp, most significant factor in determining blood pressure, indirect relationship
        
        blood viscosity, high viscosity, high R, high BP, nomrally constant, direct relationship
- - - - blood donation 500 ml to 10%, vasometer enough to restore pressure & flow, venous reserve- slow moving blood, restore 15-20% loss sympathetic stimulation-- E, NE, ADH, Renin
    - - ADH, aldosterone and increase thirst, EPO
    - - acute circulatory crisis, hypotension. pale cool and moist skin, confusion and no blood to brain, rapid and weak pulse, no urine, drop in blood pH
- - - - 13.3
        
        increased levels of ANP cause decrease in blood pressure relaxation of precapillary sphincters will result in increased nutrient delivery to a specific tissue baroreceptors that function in regulation of blood pressure located in carotid sinus blood pressure in systemic arteries greatest during ventricular systole Angiotensin increases blood pressure by increasing peripheral resistance increased blood pressure means decreased blood flow to kidneys ADH causes a direct increase in blood volume blood pressure when sympathetic stimulation to the heart increases is greater then when parasympathtic stimilation when a capillary bed decreases in blood flow due to locally high oxygen levels it is caused by autoregulation blood pressure is lowest in the vein the baroreceptor reflex causes change in bp, stroke volume, and heart rate a decrease in vessel diameter is vasoconstriction
        
        13.4-13.10
        
        the celiac artery provides blood to liver and spleen superior mesenteric artery supplies blood to parts of intestinal tract important artery that supplies blood to brain is internal carotid blood from face returns to heart by external jugular vein pulse point on wrist is actually the radial artery after passing axilla, the axillary artery becomes the brachiial artery in forearm, brachial artery becomes radial artery and ulnar artery internal carotids and basilar artery are interconnected by anastomosis called circle of willis the diaphragm divides aorta into a superior thoracic aorta and inferior abdomonal aorta near the level of vertebra L4, the aorta branches to form common iliac arteries the vessel that receives blood from below the diaphragm is inferior vena cava small veins of brain empty to the dural sinuses after recieveing internal jugular vein, the subclavian vein becomes brachiocepgalic vein fusion of brachiocephalic veins form superior vena cava two common iliac veins form inferior vena cava ligamentum arteriosum is a remnant of fetal blood vessel elderly individuals are more prone to suffer from hypotension, venous thrombosis, arteriosclerosis, problems with conducting system of heart factors that increase risk of atherosclerosis include obesity vicki has a disabled posterior pituitary and has decreased blood volume (cardiovasuclar affects) in response to hemorrhage, there is mobilization of venous reserve sysmptoms of shock include, hypotension, rapid weak pulse, decreased urine formation, acidosis heart rate during cardiovascular shock is greater then normal heart rate pulmonary artery is a branch of pulmonary trunk