Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (HEART (LAYERS OF THE HEART WALL (SECOND LAYER:…

- - - - a. CARDIAC MUSCLE CELL :check:SHORT, BRANCHING CELL WITH 1 OR 2 NUCLEI :check:NEARBY CELLS COME TOGETHER TO FORM A CARDIAC MYOFIBER.
        
        CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS COME TOGETHER :check: THEY ARE JOINED THROUGH A CONNECTION CALLED: INTERCALATED DISC (LIKE TWO EGG CARTONS STACKED TOGEHTER, OR A ZIPPLE) :check:THEY'RE HARD TO PULL APART :check: GROUPS OF CARDIAC MYOFIBERS FORM THE BUNDLES IN THE MYOCARDIUM :check:GAP JUNCTIONS ARE ELECTRICAL SIGNALS THAT PASS FROM ONE CELL TO THE NEXT :check: THIS IS A CONTRACTION OF THE HEART
  - - - B. BICUSPID/LEFT ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVE/MITRAL VALVE - PURPOSE: TO PREVENT BACKFLOW OF BLOOD INTO THE LEFT ATRIUM
      - C. PULMONARY SEMILUNAR VALVE - PURPOSE: TO PREVENT BACKFLOW OF BLOOD INTO THE RIGHT VENTRICLE
      - A. TRICUSPID/RIGHT ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVE - PURPOSE : TO PREVENT BACKFLOW OF BLOOD INTO THE RIGHT ATRIUM
      - D. AORTIC SEMILUNAR VALVE - PURPOSE: TO PREVENT BACKFLOW OF BLOOD INTO THE LEFT VENTRICLE
  - - - HOW DOES IT WORK? THE PROCESS BEGINS IN THE RIGHT ATRIUM, AT THE SINATRICAL (SA) NODE. :check: THIS SENDS A SIGNAL THROUGHOUT THE MYOCARDIUM BY WAY OF THE GAP JUNCTIONS IN THE INTERCALATED DISC :check:THE IMPULSES MOVE LIKE A WAVE, TRAVELING THROUGHOUT THE CARDIAC MUSCLE FIBERS :check: THIS SIGNALS THE ATRIA TO CONTRACT :check:SOME OF THESE SIGNALS CONTINUE ON, TO THE ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE (AV). :check:AFTER A SHORT DELAY, THESE SIGNALS/IMPULSES CONTINUE ON TO THE ATRIOVENTRICULAR BUNDLE (AV). :check:THE DIVIDING WALL BETWEEN THE VENTRICLES (INTERVENTRICULAR SEPTUM) SERVES AS THE SPOT WHERE THE AV BUNDLES DIVIDE AND TRAVEL TOWARDS THE APEX :check:THEN MOVES IN A SUPERIOR DIRECTION SO THAT BLOOD FROM THE VENTRICLES CAN MOVE UP AND OUT INTO THE MAJOR ARTERIES AND THROUGHOUT THE BODY
  - - - THE OUTER MOST LAYER OF SEROUS PERICARDIUM CONSISTS OF TWO LAYERS: THE FIRST ONE: PARIETAL LAYER :check: THE MORE 'EXTERNAL' OF THE TWO. :check: IT IS CONTINUOUS WITH THE VISCERAL LAYER :check:BETWEEN THE TWO LAYERS LIES THE PERICARDIAL CAVITY. IT IS FILLED WITH SEROUS FLUID, WHICH ACTS AS A LUBRICANT FOR THE HEART.
      - VISCERAL LAYER OF THE SEROUS PERICARDIUM (IT IS ALSO THE EPICARDIUM - A LAYER IN THE HEART WALL). :check:THE VISCERAL LAYER LIES RIGHT ON THE HEART ITSELF.
      - FIBROUS PERICARDIUM - A STRONG LAYER OF DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE. :check: PROTECTS THE HEART AND PREVENTS IT FROM OVERFLOWING
  - - - 'MYO' = 'MUSCLE', 'CARDIUM' = 'HEART' :check:IT'S THE THICKEST LAYER OF THE HEART WALLS :check:IT CONTRACTS
    - - 'ENDO' = 'INSIDE', 'CARDIUM' = 'HEART' :check:THIS LAYER IS DEEP TO THE MYCARDIUM :check:LINES THE HEART CHAMBERS AND HEART VALVES
    - - ALSO THE VISCERAL LAYER OF THE SEROUS PERICARDIUM :check: IT'S THE OUTER MOST LAYER OF THE HEART WALL 'EPI' = 'UPON', 'CARDIUM' = 'HEART'. :check:MADE UP OF SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM AND AEROLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- - - - B. FENESTRATED CAPILLARIES :check:'WINDOWS' OR 'PORES' :check:MORE LEAKY THAN CONTINUOUS :check:FOUND IN PLACES WITH A HIGH RATE OF EXCHANGE INCLUDING :check:THE SMALL INTESTINES (VILLI), KIDNEYS (NEED TO BE ABLE TO EXCHANGE WASTE), CHOROID PLEXUS (WHERE CSF IS CREATED) AND ENDOCRINE GLANDS
      - C. SINUSOID CAPILLARIES :check:LARGE, WINDING CAPILLARIES :check:LARGE PORES, THEREFORE LARGE THINGS LIKE CELLS AND PROTEINS CAN PASS THROUGH HERE :check:THEY'RE FOUND IN THE LIVER, RED BONE MARROW AND THE SPLEEN (WHERE RED BLOOD CELLS GO TO DIE)
      - A. CONTINUOUS CAPILLARIES :check:THE MOST COMMON TYPE :check:FOUND IN: THE CNS, LUNGS, SKIN, SKELETAL MUSCLES, SMOOTH MUSCLES :check:THERE ARE CLEFTS BETWEEN THE CELLS :check:THEREFORE THEY'RE LEAKY SO THINGS CAN PASS THROUGH :check:THEY ARE THE LEAST LEAKY HOWEVER
  - - - VALVES ARE FOUND HERE :check:VALVES HELP TO KEEP BLOOD MOVING UP TOWARDS THE HEART :check:VEINS HAVE FEWER ELASTIC FIBERS THAN ARTERIES :check: VALVES, TUNICA INTIMA, TUNICA MEDIA AND TUNICA EXTERNA ARE ALL FOUND HERE
    - - THE TUNICA EXTERNA, TUNICA MEDIA, TUNICA INTIMA, SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL IN TUNICA EXTERNA, VASA VASORUM AND NERVI VASORUM ARE ALL FOUND HERE
    - - SMALLEST OF THE VEINS :check:MUCH LIKE CAPILLARIES :check:STILL SOME EXCHANGES OCCUR IN THE SMALLEST OF THE VENULES :check:1-2 LAYERS OF SMOOTH MUSCLES :check:THE VENULES HAVE: TUNICA INTIMA, TUNICA MEDIA AND TUNICA EXTERNA
  - - - B. MUSCULAR/DISTRIBUTING ARTERIES :check:THESE ARTERIES ARE VERY MUSCULAR :check: FOR THEIR SIZE, THEY HAVE MORE MUSCLE THAN ANY OTHER ARTERY :check:THEY ARE DISTAL FROM THE HEART :check:THEY TAKE BLOOD TO DIFFERENT ORGANS (DISTRUBUTING THROUGHOUT THE BODY)
      - C. ARTERIOLES :check:THESE ARTERIES ARE THE SMALLEST :check: MOST DISTAL FROM THE HEART :check:THEY USUALLY CONSIST OF 1 OR 2 LAYERS OF SMOOTH MUSCLE :check:THEY ARE ABLE TO CHANGE DIAMETER TO REGULATE BLOOD FLOW (TO AREAS IN THE BODY THAT NEED MORE BLOOD FLOW AT CERTAIN TIMES. EXAMPLE: STOMACH, JUST AFTER EATING)
      - A. ELASTIC/CONDUCTING ARTERIES :check:THEY'RE THE VESSELS THAT RECEIVE AND MOVE LARGE AMOUNTS OF BLOOD. ELASTIC FIBERS ARE IN THEIR WALLS :check:THIS ALLOWS THEM TO BE ABLE TO STRETCH AND RECOIL :check:THEREFORE ALLOWING BLOOD TO PROPEL FURTHER :check:THEY ARE FOUND IN THE AORTA, LARGE BRANCHES AROUND THE AORTA AND THE PULMONARY TRUNK