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Chapter 13 (13.1 blood vessels (venulus/veins (3.thin-walled vessels with…
Chapter 13
13.1 blood vessels
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arteries
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carry blood that is high in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide, except the pulmonary artericles
may unite with branches of other arteries upplying the same region forming anastomoses (i.e. providing alternate routes)
arterioles
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play a major part role in regulation blood flow to capillaries and therefore regulate blood pressure
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capillaries
are the smallest, thinnest blood vessels
- permit the exchange of gases, nutrients and waste between blood and tissues
- connect arterioles to venules
- are composed of only a single layer of endothelium and basement membrane
- capillary arrangement varies by tissue supplied
A. higher cellular needs (brain, muscle)= more elaborte network
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venulus/veins
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2.venules composed of a tunica externa, tunica intima
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- contain valves; in medium sized veins and in the limbs
- carry blood that is high in carbon dioxide and low in oxygen except the pulmonary veins
- veins are large and therefor serve as a blood reservoir, especially in the skin
13.2
pressure
liquids, including blood, cannot be compressed
if a pressure difference exists, a liquid will flow from an area of higher pressure toward an area of lower pressure
the largest pressure difference is found in the systemic circuit between the base of the aorta and the entrance of the right atrium.
divided into three components 1. arterial pressure 2. capillary pressure, 3. venouse pressure
resistance
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peripheral resistance- vascular resistance, visosity and turbulence
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viscosity
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under normal conditions, the viscosity of blood remains stable
A reduction in blood visosity can also result from protein defiency disease, liver can not synthesize normal amounts of plasma proteins
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13.3
autoregulation
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is unable to normalize tissue conditions, neural and endocrine mechanisms are activated
Neural mechanisms
the autonomic nervouse system adjusts cardiac output and peripheral resistance to maintain adequate blood flow
Endocrine mechanisms
releases hormones that enhance short-term adjustments and direct long-term changes in cardiovascular performance
chapter 13
13.8
placental blood supply
the fetus's blood reaches the placenta throgh a pair of umbilical arteries, which arise from the internal ilac arteries before entering the umbiliac cord
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13.4
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hemorrhage
short-term
responses appear almost as soon as blood pressure starts decline, when the carotid and aortic reflexes increase cardiac ouput and cause peripheral casoconstriction
long-term
after serious hemorrhaging, several days may pass before blood volume returns to normal.
13.6
pulmonary circuit
the vessels that carry blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and the vessels that return the blood to the left atrium
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kahoot
13.4- 13.10
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after passing the axilla, the axillary artery becomes the brachial artery
in the forearm, the brachial artery becomes the radial artery, ulnar artery
the internal carotids and the basialr artery are interconnected by an anastomosis called the circle of willis
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near the level of vertebra L4, the aorta branches to form the common iliac arteries
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after reciving the internal jugular vein, the subclavian vein becomes the brachiovephalic vein
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elderly individuals are more prone to suffer from hypertension, venous thrombosis, arteriosclerosis, problems with conducting system of the heart
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Vicki has a disabled posterior pituitary. what type of cardiovascular affects might you expect. decreased blood volume
im response to hemorrhage, there is mobilization of the venous reserve
symptoms of shock include hypotension, rapid and weak pulse, decreased urine formation, acidosis
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13.3
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which of the following changes will result in increased nutrient delivery to a specific tissue? relaxation of precapillary sphincters
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which of the following factors is most likely to result in an increase in blood pressure? decreased blood flow to the kidneys
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which of the following is greater? blood pressure when sympathetic stimulation to the heart increase
when a capillary bed decrease in blood flow due to locally high exygen levels, it is caused by autoregulation
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the baroreceptor reflex causes changes in blood pressure, stroke volume, heart rate
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13.2
plasama proyeins that remian in the blood capillaries help maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood
blood flow through the cardiovascular system is affcted pressure differences, the viscosity of the blood, the amount of friction in the blood vessels
which of the following conditions would completely stop All net filtration The blood hydrostatic pressure and the blood osomtic pressure are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction
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transport mechanisms used by capillaries include diffusion, filtration, osmosis
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blood moves forward through veins because the pressure in the veins is lower than in the arteries, with the aid of contractions of skeletal muscles, with the aid of changes in cavity pressure
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13.1
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compared to veins, arteries are more elastic
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the vessels that permit exchange of materials between the cells and the blood are termed capillaries