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Comparative Cognition (Time, Number, and Serial Patterns (Experiments on…
Comparative Cognition
Time, Number, and Serial Patterns
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Serial Pattern Learning
Hulse and Dorsky ran an experiment with rats to memorize the quantity of food delivered. If the pattern was more complex, it took the rats longer to learn the pattern
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Chunking
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Dalal and Meck experimented on rats to see if food helped chunking procedure. Placing the same food in the same arms each time, rats made less repeat visits to already visited arms
Memory and Rehearsal
Long-Term Memory retains information for months or years, and Short-Term Memory retains information for seconds
Short-Term Memory, or Working Memory
Retroactive interference occurs when the presence of some new material interferes with the memory of something that was learned earlier. Proactive interference occurs when previously learned material interferes with the learning of new materials.
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Information stayed in pigeons working memory for 10 seconds and monkeys for 60 seconds. To improve times, show the initial stimulus longer
Retrospective coding involves looking backward and remembering what has already happened. Prospective coding involves looking forward and remembering what responses should be made next.
Match to sample is simply picking the same stimulus that was presented initially, delayed matching to sample (dmts) is matching after the initial stimulus goes away and all stimulus is absent until the choice stimulus are presented.
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Working memory is short-term memory, but reflects that it is a guide for current performance
In most studies, it seems that animals switch between prospective and retrospective coding depending on which contains less elements to remember
Rehearsal
A technique to determine maintenance rehearsal in animals is called directed forgetting. Basically, participants are told to remember or forget a stimulus, and the things that were told to remember are remembered better
With animals, rehearsal refers to an active processing of stimuli or events after they have occurred
Maintenance rehearsal keeps information active in short-term memory. Associative rehearsal keeps information active in long-term memory.
Posttrial episodes (PTE) distracts from long term memory if it occurs immediately after a conditioning trial. Random PTEs are more so disruptive
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Long-Term Memory, Retrieval, and Forgetting
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The context-shift effect states if you learn some new information in one context, your recall of the information will be better if you are tested in the same context
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Language and Reasoning
Reasoning by Animals
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Understanding an analogy is a complex, abstract process. Most studies show only animals with language training were able to successfully understand the patterns.
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Transitive inference is making comparisons without physically seeing the elements in question. Animals were relatively good at this with reinforcement
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