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Chapter 13.1-13.4 (13.1 Blood Vessels (Layers of blood vessels…

- - - - Tunica externa
        
        outermost layer composed of elastic and collagen fibers
      - tunica media
        
        thickest layer
        
        composed of smooth muscle & elastic fibers
      - tunica interna
        
        surrounds lumen
        
        basement membrane
    - - very small arteries
      - regulate blood pressure
      - vasoconstriction
      - vasodilation
    - - smallest, thinnest, blood vessels
      - permit the exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes between blood ans tissues
      - connect arterioles to venules
      - arrangement: higher cellular needs= brain/ muslce
      - Regulation of Capillary Blood
        
        smooth muscles control blood entry into capillary beds
        
        metabolic needs controls capillary beds
  - - - most common
      - lipid soluble substances pass through endothelial membrane
      - water soluble substances must pass through gaps between endothelial cells
    - - filtration
        
        hyrdrostatic: pushes small solutes and fluid out of the capillary
        
        colloid osmottic pressure: draws fluid back to capillary
        
        fluid not regained enters lymphatic vessels
- - - - aortic sinuses: pockets in the walls of the aorta adjacent to the heart
      - Cartoid Sinuses: expanded chambers near the bases of the internal carotid arteries of the neck
      - baroreceptor reflexes: in wall of right atrium. autonomic reflexes that adjust cardiac ouptut and peripheral resistance to maintain normal arterial pressures.
    - - chemoreceptor reflexes: respond to changes in carbon dioxide, oxygen, or pH in blood and cerebrospinal fluid
      - found in carotid bodies (located in the neck near the cartoid sinuses)
      - also found in aortic bodies( near the arch of the aorta), where they monitor chemical composition of the arterial blood
  - - - released at the posterior pituitary gland in response gland in response to a decrease in blood volume, increase in osmotic concentration of plasma, or the presence of angiotensin II
      - elevates blood pressure
      - water conserving effect on the kidneys
    - - formed in the blood following the release of the enzyme renin by specialized kidney cells in response to a fall in blood pressure
      - angiotensin: renin starts a chain reaction that ultimately converts an inactive plasma, ANGIONTENSIN, to the hormone angiotensin II
    - - released by the kidneys when blood pressure falls or the oxygen content of the blood becomes abnormally low
      - stimulates red blood cell production, elevating blood volume and improving the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
    - - stimulated by increase in blood pressure
      - produced by cardiac muscle cells in the wall of the right atrium when they are stretched by excessive venous return
      - reduces blood volume and pressure by:
        
        increasing the loss of sodium ions and water at the kidneys
        
        promoting water losses by increasing the volume of urine produced
        
        reducing thirst
        
        blocking the release of ADH, aldosterone, E, and NE
        
        stimulating peripheral vasodilation
- - - - any force opposes movement
      - total peripheral resistance: resistance of the entire cardiovascular system
      - peripheral resistance: resistance of the arterial system
      - resistance is any force that opposes movement. Resistance opposes the movement of blood. Circulatory must be great enough to overcome resistance
    - - Liquids can't be compresses which results in hydrostatic pressure being conducted in all directions
        
        If a pressure difference exists the liquid will flow from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure
      - The largest pressure difference (pressure gradient) is found in the systemic circuit the base of the aorta and the entrance to the right atrium
      - circulatory pressure
        
        arterial pressure/ blood pressure
        
        capillary pressure
        
        venous pressure
    - - The resistance of blood vessels to flow
      - Amount of friction depends on the length diameter and the vessels walls
    - - resistance to flow resulting from interactions among molecules and suspended materials in a liquid
      - water has low viscosity. Thick syrup ish liquids have high viscocity
    - - High flow rates, irregular surfaces caused by injury or disease processes or sudden changes in vessel diameter upset this smooth flow, creating whirls
    - - Neural and hormonal control mechanisms regulate blood pressure, keeping it relatively stable
  - - - systolic pressure: peak blood pressure measured during ventricular systole
      - diastolic: minimum blood pressure at the end of ventricular diastole
      - pulse pressure: difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures
    - - capillary pressure: pressure of blood within a capillary bed
      - lymphatic vessels:empty the bloodstream
- - - - appears as soon as blood pressure starts to decline, when the carotid and aortic reflexes increase cardiac output and cause peripheral vasoconstriction
      - venous reserve: Mobilizes once the loss of blood volume that initially causes a drop in cardiac output to normal levels
- - - - The smallest branches, PULMONARY ARTERIOLES, provide blood to ALVEOLOI (small air pockets)
        
        oxygenated blood leaves alveolar capillaries, enters venules, which form larger vessels leading to the PULMONARY VEINS. These 4 veins (two from each lung) empty into the left atrium, completing the pulmonary circuit
- - - - begins at the aortic semilunar valve of the left ventricle, and the left and right CORONARY ARTERIES orginate near its base
      - 3 elastic arteries
        
        brachiocephalic trunk
        
        right common carotid
        
        right subclavian artery
        
        left common carotid
        
        left subclavian
    - - INTERNAL THORACIC CAVITY: supplies the pericardium and anterior wall of the chest
      - verterbral artery: supplies the brain and spinal cord
      - THYROCERVICAL TRUNK: supplies muscles and other tissues of the neck, shoulder, and upper back
      - AXILLARY ARTERY: called after passing the first rib. crosses the axilla( armpit) to enter the arm
      - 5,6,7 BRACHIALARTERY: enter the arm, provides blood to the arm before branching to create the RADIAL AND ULNAR of the forearm. Which meet together to form anastomosis
    - - each common carotid artery divides into EXTERNAL CARTOID AND INTERNAL CARTOID ARTERY
      - CIRCLE OF WILLIS
        
        ring shaped anastomosis that encircles the infundibulum (stalk) of the pituitary gland. With this arrangement, the brain can receive blood from either the carotid of the vertebral arteries, and the chances for a serious interuption of circulation are reduced
      - BASILAR ARTERY: vertebral arteries fuse together to form the basilar artery, which continues along the ventral surface of the brain
    - - continuous with the aortic arch
      - THORACIC AORTA: provides blood to intercostal arteries, which carry blood to the vertebral column area and the body wall
      - branches into the ABDNOMINAL AORTA& thoracic aorta
      - PHENIC ARTERIES: seperate the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
      - CELIAC TRUNK, SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY,INFERIOR MESENTRIC ARTERY provide blood to all of the digestive in the abdominopelvic cavity
      - GONADAL ARTERIES: originate between the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries (testicular arteries or ovarian arteries)
      - SUPERARENAL ARTERIES AND RENAL ARTERIES:arise along the lateral surface of the abdominal aorta and travel behinf the peritoneal lining to reach the superarenal glans and kidneys
      - COMMON ILIAC ARTERIES: carry blood to the pelvis and lower limbs and travels along the ilium and divides to form an INTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY
  - - - recieves blood from the head and neck, upper limbs, shoulders, and chest
    - - small veins of the brain empty into DURAL SINUSES
      - SUPERIOR SAGITTAL SINUS: largest sinus, located within the folds of the dura mater lying between hemispheres
      - INTERNAL JUGULAR VEINS, most blood from the brain passes through here, descending parallel to the common carotid artery in the neck
      - EXTERNAL JUGULAR VEINS: collect blood from the superficial structure of the head and neck
      - VERTEBRAL VEINS: drain the cervical spinal cord and posterior surface of the skull, descending from the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae alongside the vertebral arteries
    - - collects most of the venous blood from organs inferior to the diaphragm
      - plantar network
        
        anterior tibial vein
        
        posterior tibial vein
        
        fibular vein
      - dorsal venous arch
        
        great saphenous vein
        
        small saphenous vein
      - behind the knee
        
        popliteal vein:small saphenous, tibial, fibular unite to make this
        
        femoral vein
        
        Deep femoral
        
        external iliac vein
        
        internal iliac vein
        
        common iliac vein
    - - venous network in the palm collects blood from digital veins. These vessels drain into the CEPHALIC VEIN and the BASILIC VEIN
      - The superficial MEDIAN CUBITAL VEIN passes from the cephalic vein, medially and at an angle, to connect the basilic vein
      - deeper veins of the forearm consist of a RADIAL and ULNAR vein. After crossing the elbow these fuse to form the BRACHIAL VEIN
        
        as the brachial vein continues toward the trunk, it joins the basilic vein before entering the axilla as the AXILLARY VEIN
      - AXILLARY VEIN
        
        first rib: subclavian vein
        
        brachiocephalic
        
        AZYGOS VEIN: svc receives blood from the thoracic body wall before arriving at the right atrium
    - - hepatic: collect blood from liver
      - gonadal: collect blood from gonads
      - phrenic:blood from diapragm
      - superarenal: blood from superarenal glands
      - renal : blood from kidneys
      - Right internal iliac- left internal iliac: collect blood from the pelic muscles, urinary and reproductive organs, of pelvic cavity