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Chapter 13 Blood Vessels (13.1 Blood vessels (arteries (elastic…

- - - - muscle tissue, collagen & elastic fibers
    - - connective tissue
    - - endothelial lining
  - - - muscular (distribution )
        
        arteriole
        
        external carotid, brachial (medium arteries)
      - aorta & pulmonary trunk (distribution)
  - - - form capillary beds
      - autoregulation responds to local changes
        
        precapillary sphincters guard entrances
        
        contraction
        
        decrease blood flow
        
        increase BP
        
        dilation
        
        increase blood flow
        
        decrease BP
      - anastomosis
        
        alternate route for blood flow
        
        arteriovenous anastomosis
        
        direct connection no capillary
        
        arterial anastomosis
        
        multiple arterioles for one capillary
  - - - medium sied veins
        
        large veins
        
        vena cava
        
        valves prevent backflow
        
        valves not working properly
        
        varicose veins
        
        hemorrhoids
  - - - focal calcification
        
        degenerating smooth muscle
      - atherosclerosis
        
        a pasty deposit
        
        elevated plasma lipids/cholesterol
        
        Plaques
- - - - total peripheral resistance
        
        turbulence
        
        eddies & swirls increase resistance & create third & fourth heart sounds
        
        viscosity
        
        blood viscosity remains stable & is 5 x that of water
        
        vascular resistance
        
        largest component (friction between blood & the vessel wall)
        friction depends on vessel length & diameter
    - - Hydrostatic pressure
        liquid will flow from High to low pressure average pressure difference is 100 mmHg
    - - only vascular resistance can be adjusted by neural & endocrine
  - - - systolic/diastolic (120/80)
      - pulse pressure difference between systolic & diastolic
      - elastic rebound adds blood flow
    - - 35 CHP-25 BOP
      - capillary walls quite permeable
      - 3.6 liters go to the lymphatic system each day
      - capillary exchange 4 important functions
        
        communication between plasma & IF
        
        speeding distribution of nutrients, hormones, & dissolved gasses
        
        assisting movement of insoluble lipids & tissue proteins
        
        flushing bacterial toxins & other chemical stimuli
      - movement of materials occurs by
        
        filtration
        
        osmosis
        
        diffusion
      - Capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP)
        pushes fluid out of capillaries
      - Blood osmotic pressure (BOP)
        brings fluid back into capillaries
    - - 16 mmHg pushing blood through veins
      - must overcome gravity
        
        muscular contractions
        
        respiratory pump
- - - - carotid sinuses
      - aortic sinuses
    - - Cardioinhibitory (parasympathetic)
      - Cardioaccelatory (sympathetic)
  - - - angiotension II
      - erythropoietin
      - antidiuretic hormone
    - - Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
      - histamine