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Chapter 13 (13.1 Blood Vessels (Layers of blood vessels (Tunica Media (Is…
Chapter 13
13.1 Blood Vessels
Layers of blood vessels
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Tunica Interna
Surrounds lumen & is composed of a layer of endothelium, a basement membrane, & an internal elastic lamina
Carry blood that is under great pressure
Carry blood that is high in oxygen & low in carbon dioxide, except the pulmonary arteries
Are the smallest, thinnest blood vessels
Permit the exchange of gases, nutrients and wastes between blood and tissues
Connect arterioles to venules
Are composed of only a single layer of endothelium and basement membrane
Capillary Arrangement varies by tissue supplied
a) Higher cellular needs (Brain muscle) = more elaborate network
b) Lower cellular needs = less branching
Regulation of Capillary Blood Flow
a) Smooth muscles control blood entry into capillary beds
b) Metabolic need controls precapillary sphincter
Capillary Exchange = Gases, nutrients, & wastes are exchanged between blood in capillaries and tissues in 3 ways:
1. Diffusion -
a) Most common
b)Substances include oxygen, CO2, glucose, & hormones
c) Lipid-soluble substances pass directly through endothelial cell membrane
d) Water-soluble substances must pass through gaps between endothelial cells
2. Vesicular transport
3. Bulk flow = (filtration and absorption)
a) Filtration
--- Hydrostatic (blood) pressure pushes small solutes and fluid out of capillary
--- Colloid osmotic pressure (osmosis) draws fluid back into capillary
Very small arteries
Deliver blood to capillaries in tissues
Play a major role in regulating blood flow to capillaries & therefore regulate blood pressure
Vasoconstriction (Contraction) = decrease vessel volume = decreased blood flow = increased blood pressure
Vasodilation = increases vessel volume = increased blood flow = decreased blood pressure
Venules -
Composed of tunica externa, tunica intima
Extend from capillaries and merge together to form veins
Both -
Carry blood under low pressure
Contain valves; in medium sized veins & in the limbs
Carry blood that is high in carbon dioxide & low in oxygen
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13.2 Blood Pressure
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Pulse pressure = difference between systolic & diastolic pressures
Blood pressure = the pressure exerted by blood on the wall of a blood vessel
Pulse = the pressure wave that travels through arteries following left ventricular systole
Normal pulse = 70 - 80 bpm
Tachycardia > 100 bpm
Bradycardia < 60 bpm
Sphygmomanometer - measures BP
Brachial artery is typically used
Arterial pressure (blood pressure), normal adult =
120 mm Hg / 80 mm Hg
Capillary hydrostatic pressure vs. blood osmotic pressure
- 100 mm Hg (aorta)
- 35 mm Hg (arterial side capillary)
Arterial difference 100 mm Hg - 35 mm Hg = 65 mm Hg
- 18 mm Hg (venule side of capillary)
- 2 mm Hg (vena cava)
Pressure of veins 18 mm Hg - 2 mm Hg = 16 mm Hg
CHP ^ BOP (arterial side) fluid moves into tissues
BOP ^ CHP (venule side) fluid moves into vessel
CHP = BOP no net fluid movement
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Chapter 13
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13.9 Aging
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Blood vessels
Inelastic walls
Aneurysm, stroke, myocardial infarction, or massive blood loss
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Kahoot
13.4 - 13.10
- The celiac artery provides blood to the liver and spleen
- Which of the following supplies blood to parts of the intestinal tract? superior mesenteric artery
- An important artery that supplies blood to the brain is the internal carotid
- Blood from the face returns to the heart by way of the external jugular vein
- The pulse point of the wrist is actually the radial
- After passing the axilla, the axillary artery becomes the brachial artery
- In the forearm, the brachial artery becomes the radial artery and the ulnar artery
- The internal carotids and the basilar artery are interconnected by an anastomosis called the circle of willis
- The ___ divides the aorta into a superior thoracic aorta and an inferior abdominal aorta. diaphragm
- Near the level of vertebra L4, the aorta branches to form the common iliac arteries
- The vessel that receives blood from below the diaphragm is the inferior vena cava
- Small veins of the brain empty into the dural sinuses
- After receiving the internal jugular vein, the subclavian vein becomes the brachiocephalic vein
- The fusion of the brachiocephalic veins forms the superior vena cava
- The two common iliac veins form the inferior vena cava
- Which of the following is a remnant of a fetal blood vessel? ligamentum arteriosum
- Elderly individuals are more prone to suffer from ___ than younger individuals. hypertension, venous thrombosis, arteriosclerosis, & problems with the conducting system of the heart
- Factors that increase the risk of atherosclerosis include obesity
- Vicki has a disabled posterior pituitary. What type of cardiovascular affects might you expect? decreased blood volume
- In response to hemorrhage, there is mobilization of the venous reserve
- Symptoms of shock include hypotension, rapid weak pulse, decreased urine formation, & acidosis
- Which of the following is greater? heart rate during cardiovascular shock
- Which is a branch of the pulmonary trunk? pulmonary artery
13.1
- The muscular layer of blood vessels is the tunica media
- Compared to veins, arteries are more elastic
- The blood vessels that carry blood at the highest pressure are the arteries
- The blood vessels that have only a tunica intima are the capillaries
- Which of the following blood vessels hold the greatest volume of blood? veins
- Blood flow has the highest velocity in the arteries
- The brachial artery would be classified as a(n) muscular
- The outermost layer of the arterial wall is the tunica externa
- Which of the following is lesser amount? the normal blood volume of the arterial system
- The vessels that permit exchange of materials between the cells and the blood are termed capillaries
13.2
- Plasma proteins that remain in the blood capillaries help maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood
- Blood flow through the cardiovascular system is affected by pressure differences, the viscosity of the blood, & the amount of friction in the blood vessels
- Which of the following conditions would completely stop all NET filtration? The blood hydrostatic pressure and the blood osmotic pressure are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction
- As blood travels from the aorta toward the capillaries the resistance increases
- Which of the following is a normal pressure within capillaries? 20-30 mm Hg
- Transport mechanisms used by capillaries include diffusion, filtration, & osmosis
- Swelling of a tissue is due to increased permeability of capillaries
- Blood moves forward through veins because the pressure in the veins is lower than in the arteries, with the aid of contractions of skeletal muscles, & with the aid of changes in cavity pressure
- The third and fourth heart sounds are caused by turbulence
- Edema would be likely to form when the heart is an insufficient pump
13.3
- Which of the following will cause a decrease in blood pressure? increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)
- Which of the following changes will result in increased nutrient delivery to a specific tissue? relaxation of precapillary sphincters
- Baroreceptors that function in the regulation of blood pressure are located in the carotid sinus and aorta
- Blood pressure in the systemic arteries is greatest during ventricular systole
- Angiotensin increases blood pressure by increasing peripheral resistance
- Which of the following factors is most likely to result in an increase in blood pressure? decreased blood flow to the kidneys
- ___ causes a direct increase in blood volume. ADH
- Which of the following is greater? blood pressure when sympathetic stimulation to the heart increases
- When a capillary bed decreases in blood flow due to locally high oxygen levels, it is caused by autoregulation
- Blood pressure is lowest in which of the following structures? vein
- The baroreceptor relfex causes changes in blood pressure, stroke volume, & heart rate
- A decrease in vessel diameter is called vasoconstriction