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Female reproductive system (Ovary (Structure (Medulla (medullary region)…
Female reproductive system
Placenta
Portion
Fetal portion
Chorion
Maternal portion
Decidua basalis
Placenta barrier
Discontinuous inner cytotrophoblast (single nuclei)
Basal lamina of the trophoblast
Connective tissue of the villus
Basal lamina of the endothelium
Syncytiotrophoblast (multinucleus)
Endothelium of the fetal placental capillary
Function
Metabolic and endocrine activity
Estrogen
Somatomammotropin (growth hormone-like)
Progesterone
Relaxin
HCG
Filtration and transfer
Chorionic villi
Primary villi (day 13-15)
Secondary villi (day 16-21)
Tertiary villi (after day 21)
Hofbauer cell
Macrophage-like
Ovary
Ovulation
Increase in volume and pressure of follicle fluid
Proteolysis of follicular wall
LH surge
Contraction of smooth muscle (theca externa)
Blood flow stopped in small area (macula pellucida (stigma)) before ovulation
Corpus luteum (luteal gland)
Corpus hemorrhagicum (central clot from theca interna)
Composition
Granulosa lutein cells (GLC)
From granulosa cells
80% of corpus luteum
Secrete estrogen, progesterone, inhibin
Theca lutein cells (TLC)
From theca internal layer
20% corpus luteum
Secrete androgen, progesterone
Remains for 14 days (if no fertilization)
Corpus albicans
Sinks into cortex
Follicle development
Growing follicles
Second (antral) follicles
Theca folliculi
Theca externa
Smooth muscle
Collagen fibers
Theca interna
Cuboidal secretory cells with LH receptors (secrete androgen)
Connective tissue
Thin, highly vascularized
Factors required-FSH, IGF-I, EGF, calcium
Antrum with liquor folliculi (hyaluronic acid)
Oocyte 0.125 mm
Second follicle 0.2-10 mm
Primary follicles
Surrounding follicle cells become cuboidal
Zona pellucida (stained ny PAS)
Oocyte enlarge
Late primary follicles
Stroma cells form theca folliculi
Cortical granules contain protease (released when ovum activated by sperm)
Follicle cells form stratum granulosm/stroma granulosa/membrana granulosa
Irregular microvilli on perivitelline space
Mature follicle (Graafian follicles)
Contains mature secondary oocyte
Cumulus oophorus
Only corona radiate remained at ovulation
Microvilli of granulosa cells increase (increase of LH receptor on the free antral surface)
Primordial follicles
Early growth is independent of gonadotropin stimulation
In stroma of cortex
First appear during 3rd month of fetal
Include an oocyte and a single layer of follicle cells
Balbiani body
Function
Gametogenesis
Oogenesis
Oocytes (developing gametes)
Ova (Mature gametes)
Steroidogenesis
Estrogens
Maturation of int. and ext. sex organs
Female sex characteristics at puberty
Breast development
Stimulating ductal and stromal growth
Accumulation of adipose tissue
Progestogens
Promoting secretory changes in the endometrium
Promoting lobular proliferation of mammary gland for lactation
Structure
3×1.5×1 cm
Medulla (medullary region)
Lymphatic vessels
Blood vessels
Loose connective tissue
Nerves
Paired, almond-shaped, pinkish white
Cortex (cortical region)
Ovarian follicles
Smooth muscle
Connective tissue
Germinal epithelium
Tunica albuginea
Ovarian cysts
Serous or mucinous cysts
Dermoid cyst/mature teratoma
Corpus luteum cysts
Endometriotic cyst/ endometrioma
Follicular cysts
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Ovarian cycle
Follicular phase
Follicle secrete estrogen into follicular lumen (8-10th day)
LH surge
Several primary follicles develop under FSH, LH effect
Luteal phase
Corpus luteum secrete estrogen, progesterone
Endometrium of uterus begins secretory phase
hCG maintain corpus luteum (first produced by embryo and later by placenta)
Uterine tubes
Structure
Ampulla
Isthmus
Infundibulum
Interstitial part
Fimbria
Composition
Muscularis
Smooth muscle
Mucosa
Ciliated cells
Cilia wave
Peg cells (Nonciliated)
Provide nutritive materials
Serosa
Uterus
Body
Myometrium (smooth muscle)
Leiomyosarcoma
smooth muscle cell 50-500 𝛍m
Perimetrium (serosa)
Endometrium (mucosa)
Layers
Stratum functionale
Stratum basale
Blood vessels
Uterine artery➞arcuate artery➞straight artery➞spiral artery➞arterioles
Cyclic change
Secretory phase
Endometrium 5 mm thickness(no change in stratum basale)
Glands have corkscrew shape (back to back) (basal vacuolation)
Mucous secretion
Glycogen
Progesterone (main)
Estrogen
Stroma cells➞Decidual cells
Menstrual phase
Stratum functionale is degenerated
Proliferative phase
Endometrium 3 mm thickness
Glands have narrow lumina
Cervix
Different endometrium with the rest of uterus
Large branched glands, no spiral arteries
Thickness change little
Mucus produced increase 10-fold during mid cycle
Transformation zone
Vagina stratified squamous epi.
Cervical simple columnar
Cervical smear
Abnormal: nuclei/cytoplasm ratio high
Normal: nuclei/cytoplasm ratio low
Vagina
Layer
Intermediate muscular
Inner circular
Outer longitudinal
Outer adventitial
Inner mucosal layer
Fold/Rugae
Wall of vagina
Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epi.
No glands
Accumulate glycogen during follicular phase
Superficial payer may be shed near menstrual phase
Mammary glands
Overview
Dramatic proliferation during pregnancy
Merocrine and apocrine secretion
Morphology varies with the menstrual cycle
Modified apocrine sweat glands
Structure
Lactiferous sinus
Lactiferous duct
Lactiferous duct
Nipple
Secretory lobe