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Theory of evolution (Comparative Anatomy (Used by scientists like Buffon…
Theory of evolution
Comparative Anatomy
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Example: An eagle and a crocodile, have similar bone structure in their legs, they have a common ancestor, which is the Tiktaaslik
Embryonic development
The science that investigates the development of organisms from fertilized egg to time of birth or hatching.
The similarities persist longer between organisms that are more closely related like humans and monkeys than between those less closely related .
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The embryo of fishes, salamanders, lizards, birds, cats and humans are similar during the first stage but don not look similar once they are adults
Molecular biology
Scientists look at the proteins and other molecules that control life processes. These molecules can evolve.
States that most of the variability in molecular structure does not affect the molecule's functionality.
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Helped develop Biochemistry, Genetics
Fossil records
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One example is the evolution of the horse. The horse can be traced to an animal the size of a dog having several toes on each foot and teeth appropriate for browsing. This animal, called the dawn horse (genus Hyracotherium).
Biogeography 
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Two disciplines: historical biogeography, which is concerned with the histories of species on a long time scale, and ecological biogeography, which deals with the current interactions of species with their environments .
Found that species were distributed in random geographic places, with closely related species no more likely to be located close to each other than not, this would be strong evidence against evolution and common descent.
Vestigal Structures
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Are inherited from ancestors but have lost much or all of their original function due to different selection pressures acting on the descendant.
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