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Neoplasm (Benign Neoplasms (Benign Connective tissue Neoplasm:…
Neoplasm
Benign Neoplasms
benign neoplasm is not deadly, and cannot metastasise. Pathologically examined to confirm it's benign. Treatment by surgery removal.
In the case of colon Adenoma it can become Malignant, and invade other issues. (genetics and replication errors maybe the cause of this change)
Terminology
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Pleomorphism⇒ the occurrence of more than one distinct form of a natural object, such as a crystalline substance, a virus, the cells in a tumour, or an organism at different stages of the life cycle.
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Hyperplasia ==> The enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the reproduction rate of its cells, often as an initial stage in the development of cancer.
Paraneoplastic syndromes (Check small cell carcinoma) are rare disorders that are triggered by an altered immune system response to a neoplasm. They are defined as clinical syndromes involving nonmetastatic systemic effects that accompany malignant disease.
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Classification
1.Benign
Adenoma
Glandular epithelium
Benign epithelial neoplasms that are derived from glands but lack a glandular growth pattern. E.g. neoplasm arising from renal tubule cells.
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Ovarian cyst adenoma slide 38 image. Important note: This and other cases can cause bleeding, as a result of the enlarged mass that damages thin walled blood vessels (NOT ANGIOgenesis)
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2.Borderline (ovarian):show some nuclear features that suggest malignancy but not enough to be certain that the neoplasm will behave as a malignant neoplasm.
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Classifications are so important to determine the proper treatment. E.g. squamous cell carcinoma found in the liver indicate it is a secondary site. (should be adenoma if it was primary).
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Malignant Neoplasm
Capable of metastasis, so surgery is not always curative and chemotherapy is necessary as part of the treatment.
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Carcinomas
In situ: did not invade basement membrane and cannot invade (treated by excision). And cannot metastasis as it did NOT access blood vessels and lymphatics.
Invasive: invade through the basement membrane, and metastasis through blood vessels and lymphatics to cause secondary tumours. (images at slide 64-65)
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Diagnosis of Malignancy
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Special tests
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Pathology
FNA: Fine needle aspiration is a type of biopsy procedure. In fine needle aspiration, a thin needle is inserted into an area of abnormal-appearing tissue or body fluid.
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Aspirate:to draw breath, or air from a needle.
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An Introduction
Is a type of abnormal, or excessive growth of tissues. The growth is uncoordinated with the surrounding tissues as result of the abnormal regulation of cellular signalling pathways.
A tumour is any type of a lump or mass from any cause e.g. a haematoma or an abscess or a scar. (Know how to use each term)
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Cell proliferation can be 1.controlled ( Hyperplasia: Often the initial stage of development of Neoplasm, as a result of increased reproduction rate of the cell which lead to organ enlargement )
2.Uncontrolled Neoplasia
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