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DNA (DNA = Deoxyrybo(se) nucleic acid (structure of DNA (DNA ia a complex…

- - - - chromosomes are a long strand of DNA wound up (tightly coiled) in a twisted double helix
        
        genes are sections of the DNA. ( they are on the chorosome/make up the chromosome) - there are roughly 21,000-22,000 genes on a humans chromosome (in total)
        
        DNA s made up of nucleotides
        
        Genes = A length of DNA that codes for a protein and therefor a trait. - there are roughly 1000 genes on every chromosome
        
        alleles = An allele is a different/alternate forms of a gene - (they are all genes, just different versions)
        
        dominant vs. recesive
        
        dominant allele is expressed with an UPPER CASE letter
        
        recessive alleles are expressed with a lower case letter
        
        alleles produce variation in a population
        
        (alleles are caused by mutation. each is a slight mutation to a particular gene)
        
        over 1 set of homologous chromoses there
        will be two alleles for the same gene
        
        the difference between the alleles is that they have a slightly different order of bases, therefor the traits/phenotypes are slightly different
        
        example: gene /traigt for hair colour. the different alleles are brown, blonde, red, black, grey
        
        each person has 2 alleles for each trait ( they can be the same or different) - the composition of alleles received by an individual is decided during meiosis, an is completely random
        
        they are the instructions that code for characteristics.
        
        they are made up of complec molocules calles DNA
        
        it is a sequence of DNA
        
        genes are located at specific points ( sites)
        on the chromosome
        = these are called the locus
  - - - Each strand is its own sequence of nucleotides ( each made up of about 2.6 billion nucleotides) the strands are anti parralel
        
        only one side of helix/one strand is read (codes to make the protions) - we know the other stand by reading this one
        
        the other side must pair up and is used for a different thing.
      - nucleotides are made of 3 things:
        
        a base (nitrogenous base) = square, there are 4 bases
        
        C = cytosine
        
        G = guaine
        
        A = Adenine
        
        T = Tthymie
        
        The amount of adenine always = the amount of thymine and
        The amount of guanine always = the amount of cytosine.
        (in the DNA of all organisms)
        
        Human DNA is made up of 60% A&T (30% each) and only 40% G&C (20% each)
        
        The bases are what joins the two strand of DNA toeageahter and The order of these bases is what makes the code for certain protiens and therefor traights - like a recipe,
        (hence they are very important)
        
        the (complementary) base paring rule;
        A & T pair together and G & C pair together
        
        the bases pairs are joined together
        with weak hydrogen bonds
        
        The bases are read in order ( it is this order that is the code, this order that determines witch proteins your cells will make and what traits you will have)
        
        every organisms DNA has the exact same versions of these 2 things (the sugar-phosphate backbone) - it is only the base and the base order that changes
        
        a sugar ( deoxyribose) = pentigon
        
        a phosphate ( ‎PO43-) = circle
        
        ( the DNA of any organism can be put into another organism, as it is fundamentally the same)
      - 1) the only things that changes in DNA- is the order of bases (the bases are read in order)
        
        2) the order/ sequence of those bases is what codes for different proteins and therefor different traits.
        
        3) the code determine which amino acids will be used to make the protein, and therefore what protein it is ( the slightly different codes for the same gene are the alleles)
        
        Amino acids
        
        there are 20/21 amino acids, the different combinations and orders of these amino acids is what makes the different proteins
        
        we get the amino acids we need to make proteins in food, and our body breaks them apart into the individual amino acids ( like lego blocks), although our bodies can make some of the amino acids themselves)
        
        amino acids that our body can't make are called essential amino acids ( because it is essential that we eat them)
        
        proteins
        
        protiens are made of ( molocules called) amino acids
        
        a chain of amino acids bonded/joined together to form a protein chain
        
        some comment types of protiens:
        
        transport porteins = transport other substances,
        e.g. hemoglobin,oxygen
        
        contractile proteins = very important to movement
        
        hormonal proteins = coordinate the bodily activities
        
        structural proteins = (e.g. keratin), proteins of; hair, horns, feather, nails, quills, skin appendages of animals
        
        Enzymes = biological catalysts- speeds up chemical
        reactions in a cell
        (critical for survival, as nothing would happen fast enough to
        make enough to do enough to survive without it)
        
        defensive proteins = protect against disease
        
        amino acids joined together to make a chain, this is the protein. they are connected by week hydrogen bonds
        
        building the proteis:
        1000's of amino acids joined/bonded together -- this forms a polypeptide chain -- the polypeptide chain folds -- this forms a protein
        
        types of amino acids for humans
        
        there are 10 essential amino acids ( we must consume)
        
        histidine, isoleucine, leucine, ysine, methionine, phenylalanine, theronine, trypophan, valine, srgrnine
        
        there are about 12 amino acids that our bodies can produce
        
        alinine, asparagine, aspartic acis, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine,glycine, proine, serine, selenocysteine, (tyrosine - but htis can made without phenylline, an essential amino acid, so it is a second hand essentail a.a.)
        
        plants can make all the amino acids themsleves.
        
        when written the amino acids names are abbreviated into 3 letter codes, e.g. ser= serine or phe = phenylaline
        
        Triplets (bases) , triplets are read in order of 3's
        
        there are 64 possible triplets (e.g. ACT, TTT, GTA),
        however, there are only 20 amino acids
        that they can code for
        
        a group of three bases (along one strand of DNA) is called a tiplet
        
        Each triplet is the code for an amino acids -
        the order of the triplets is the code for
        witch amino acids will be used to make the protien strands that make up our traights
        
        only one side of the double helix (and its bases) are read. only one side of triplets are read, (although the other side is still very important)
        
        how our body makes/ uses proteins ( simply answer)
        
        the cell nucleus holds the chromosomes witch have the code for witch amino acids to use to make witch proteins, this code is then sent our to the Ribbosomes in the cell ( these are the protein making factories),
        
        organisms are a function of the proteins that you make
        
        proteins are what causes different traits around the body, different amino acids will make proteins with different proprieties, these will cause different things the happen and are used in different parts of the body
        
        every living thing is made up of proteins
        or things that the proteins make (and some other stuff)