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Chapter 13 (13.4-13.9 Kahoot (the celiac artery provides blood to the…

- - - - tunica interna
        
        layer of endothelium (simple squamous epithelium)
        
        basement membrane
        
        internal elastic lamina
        
        surrounds lumen
      - tunica media
        
        smooth muscle cells
        
        elastic fibers
        
        thickest layer
      - tunica externa (adventita)
        
        outermost layer
        
        elastic fibers
        
        collagen fibers
    - - very small arteries; tunica media & initima
      - deliver blood to capillaries in tissues
      - regulate blood flow to capillaries & regulate blood pressure
        
        vasoconstriction: contraction = decrease vessel volume = decreased blood flow = increased blood pressure
        
        vasodialation: increases vessel volume = increased blood flow = decreased blood pressure
  - - - higher cellular needs= brain, muscle = more elaborate network
      - lower cellular needs= less branching
    - - diffusion: most common, oxygen, co2, glucose, hornmones
      - lipid-soluble substances pas directly through endothelial cell membrane, water-soluble pass through gaps between endothelial cells
      - vesicular: endocytosis/exo
      - bulk flow: filtration & absorption
        
        filtration: hydrostatic (blood) pressure pushes small solutes & fluid out of capillary; colloid osmotic pressure (osmosis) draws fluid into capillary; net effect = fluid loss at beginning capillary bed, regained end of capillary bed; fluid not regained enters lymphatic vessels
- - - - monitor the degree of stretch in the walls of expandable organs, involved in cardiovascular regulation located in the aortic sinuses pockets in walls of aorta adjacent to the heart, in the walls of the carotid sinus, expanded chambers near the bases of the internal carotid arteries of the neck
    - - vasomotor inhibited (dilate), cardio-inhibitory center stimulated (parasympathetic), cardioacceleratory center inhibited (sympathetic)
    - - vasomotor stimulated (constrict), cardio-inhibitory center inhibited (parasympathetic), cardioacceleratory center stimulated
    - - input to center: vasomotor and medulla oblongata: nerve impulses sent to centers from 3 areas
        
        higher brain centers; baroreceptors: pressoreceptors that detect changes in bp in aorta and carotid arteries; chemo-receptors detect changes in key blood chemical concentrations (H+, CO2, O2)
- - - - liquids cannot compress (hydro-static pressure) liquid will flow from high to flow
      - citcularory pressure: 100mm Hg base of aorta (pressure gradient. need force blood through arterioles into capillaries
        
        arterial pressure (BP)
        
        capillary pressure
        
        venous pressure
    - - total peripheral resistance
        
        VASCULAR RESISTANCE, VISCOSITY, TURBULENCE
        
        blood to flow circulatory pressure has to be (up arrow) TPR
        
        resistance opposition to blood flow primarily due to friction, friction depends on 3 things:
        
        blood viscosity (UP viscosity: Up R: Up bp > normal constant, direct
        
        total blood vessel length( up blood vessel length: up R: up bp > normal constant direct
        
        blood vessel radius (up radius: down R: down bp > most significant factor in determining bp, indirect relationship
  - - - strongest in arteries closest to heart, commonly measured in radial artery at wrist, normal pulse= 70-80 bpm
    - - referred to as arterial bp because blood pressure in veins essentially significant
      - maximum during systole and falls to its lowest during diastole
      - normal adult at rest bp= 120 mm Hg / 80 mm Hg
    - - capillary pressure pushes on capillary walls : permeable to ions nutrients organic wastes, water, dissolved gasses
      - capillary hydrostatic pressure vs blood osmotic pressure: 100 mm Hg (aorta), 35 mm Hg (arterial side capillary)
      - arterial difference 100-35=65, 18 mm hg venue side of capillary, 2 mm hg vena cava, pressure of veins 18 mm hg - 2 mm hg = 16 mm hg
      - capillary hydro-static pressure up blood osmotic pressure = arterial side fluid moves into vessels, BOP up CHP = venule side fluid moves into vessel, CHP = BOP no net fluid movement
      - 4 parts: communication between plasma and interstitial fluid, speeding distribution through tissues, assisting the movement of insoluble lipids and tissue proteins, flushing bacterial toxins and chemical stimuli to the lymphatic system
- - - - principal branches of aorta: many arteries that branch off from these regions of the aorta
        
        branches of the ascending aorta: right coronary artery (myocardium), left coronary artery (myocardium)
        
        branches of aortic arch: 1. brachiocephalic (right side of head and right arm): right common carotid artery (right side of head) - ecternal carotid a. scalp, internal carotid a. brain, vertebral vervical vertebrae/skull: balsiar a. brain (circle of willis brain) ---- right subclavian a. right arm ----- axillary armpit ---- brachial upper arm ----radial lateral forearm ---- ulnar medial forearm ---- palmar arches palm ( digital fingers ) 2. left common carotid artery (L side of heart) - external carotid & internal carotid 3. left subclavian artery L arm ( follow same pattern as right subclavian a. )
        
        branches of thoracic aorta: 1. intercoastals (intercostal/chest muscles. 2. superior phrenics (superior diaphragm). 3. bronchial arteries (bronchi of lungs). 4. esophageal arteries (esophagus)
        
        branches of abrominal aorta: 1. inferior phrenics (inferior diaphragm) 2. celiac trunk (artery) -common hepatic a (liver), left gastric a. (left stomach), splenic artery (spleen) 3. superior mensntric (small intestine, cecum, ascending/transverse colon, pancreas 4. suparenals (adrenals) 5. renal arteries (kidneys) 6. gonadal arteries (ovarian/testicular) 7. inferior mesentric (descending/sigmoid colon, rectum
        
        branches of common iliac arteries (right and left): external iliac a (lower extremities) - femoral a. thigh - popliteal a, knee region (plantar arteries heel foot and toes - anterior tibial a, dorsalis pedis a foot and toes
  - - - hepatic portal vein drains gastric mesentric and splenic veins: gastric vein stomach, mesentric veins intestines, splenic vein spleen ; do not drain directly into the inferior vena cava, travel to liver first
- - - - short term
        
        blood donation 500 ml 10%: vasomotor enough to restore pressure and flow
        
        venous reserve (venoconstriction): slow moving blood (liver, bone marrow, and skin): restore 15-20%
        
        sympathetic stimulation (major loss of blood: E, NE, ADH, Renin
      - long term: fluid retention
        
        ADH, aldosterone & increase thirst, EPO
      - shock : drunk
        
        acute circulatory crisis
        
        hypotension, pale, cool and moist skin, confusion and disorientation (no blood to brain), rapid and weak pulse, no urine, drop in blood pH