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chapter 6 SYNCHRONIZATION (the critical-section problem (Solution: (Mutual…

- - - - is an instruction that forces any change in memory to be propagated (made visible) to all other processors.
      - memory model - the memory guarantees a computer architecture make to application programs.
        
        strongly ordered
        
        weakly ordered
    - - Special hardware instructions that allow us to either test-and-modify the content of a word, or two swap the contents of two words atomically
        
        * test-and-set instruction *compare-and-swap instruction
    - - - One tool is an atomic variable that provides atomic (uninterruptible) updates on basic data types such as integers and booleans. *the increment() operation- ensures sequence is incremented without interruption