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Wk3 - Intellectual Disability (Causes of ID + Effects (Differences in ID…
Wk3 - Intellectual Disability
Definition
Significant impairment in general intelligence + deficits in adaptive behaviour
Other similar terminology
DSM-5 Criteria
Deficits in adaptive functioning
Onset of deficits during developmental period (prior age of 18)
Intellectual deficits
ID Specifiers
Conceptual Domain (academic skills)
Social Domain (social behaviour)
Practical Domain (daily living tasks)
Adaptive Functioning
(effectiveness of coping with life demands + independence)
Assessment of ID
2% of population score 2 SD
below
mean of population intelligence
Severity of Intellectual Impairment Range
Mild
(50 - 70 IQ / 85%)
Moderate
(35 - 55 IQ / 10%)
Severe
(20 - 40 IQ / 3 -4%)
Profound
(below 20 - 25 IQ / 1 - 2%)
Commonly Used IQ Tests
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence
Prevalence of ID
More common in males than females
(2:1 - depends on cause of ID)
High rates of comorbidity
(ASD, ADHD, anxiety, mood disorders)
1 - 3% of Population
Causes of ID
+ Effects
Chromosome abnormalities
Prenatal environment
(e.g. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder - FASD)
(75% profound cases have identifiable cause)
Effects of FASD
Physical Characteristics
Slow growth
Distinct Facial Features
CNS dysfunction
Psychological Characteristics
Hyperactivity
Irritability
Low IQ
Poor motor control
Differences in ID VS. Developmental Delay**
Follow pattern of development > slower rate
Show divergence in pattern of development
New interest: Different disability > do they show > slow development > cognitive functions
Two Groups
Organic Mental Retardation (biology basis > severe impairment)
Cultural-familial Mental Retardation (no clear biological basis)
Types of ID
William's Syndrome (9)
Hypersensitivity to Sound
Good language production + receptive vocabulary
Bad Global Visual-spatial abilities
Hyper social + over-friendly
Can be musically talented
Down Syndrome (21)
Expressive language weaker than receptive language
Delayed motor skills
Delayed, reasonable social skills
Fragile X
Sensory hypersensitivity
Weak verbal abilities
Anxiety
Withdrawn / shy or inattentive
High comorbidity with ASD
Expectations for Levels of Individual Impairment
Severe
Low academic achievement
Need special assistance throughout life (adapt well to group home / family)
Profound
Lifelong care + assistance needed
Most live in supervised group homes / specialised facilities
Moderate
Benefit from vocational training
Adulthood: can perform supervised unskilled / semi-skilled work
Mild
Can develop social comm. skills + delay in exp language
Appropriate support > live successfully in community
Interventions (solutions)*
Parental Training Programs
Reinforce contingency learning
Useful in generalising new skills to any environment (home / sch / community)
Education Programs
Special education / main-streaming
Based on cognitive profile > tailor based on weaknesses + strengths
Behavioural Intervention
Manipulate contingencies (future uncertain event) > shape child > adaptive behaviour
Break problem behaviours into simpler parts
Perry Preschool Project
High quality preschool program (teacher do home visits)
Outcomes
Social responsibility (reduced arrest rates)
Scholastic Success (complete high school)
Socioeconomic success (No need special assistance)
Cost benefit analysis (105k per participant)
Challenging Behaviours Assc. with ID
Inappropriate Social behaviour
Self-stimulatory behaviour
Self-injurious behaviours
Withdrawal
Aggression to others
Non-compliance