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Chapter 13 Blood Vessels (13.6 pulmonary circuit (L&R pulmonary…

- - - - systolic pressure is the peak blood pressure measured during ventricular systole
      - diastolic pressure is the min blood pressure at the end of ventricular diastole
      - pulse pressure: difference between systolic and diastolic
    - - capillary pressure=pressure of blood within capillary bed
      - capillary walls are permeable
        
        water and solutes flow through tissues and enter lymphatic system/empty to bloodstream
    - - muscular compression: contraction of skeletal muscles near a vein compress it, helping push blood through the heart
      - respiratory pumps: inhale/exhale pressure. exhale=increased pressure that forces air out of the lung compresses venae cavae, pushing blood into the right atrium
  - - - resistance of the blood vessels set to blood flow
      - occurs in arterioles the most
    - - resistance to flow resulting from interactions among molecules
        
        disorders that effect hematocrit or plasma protein content
    - - the greater the difference in pressure the faster the flow
        
        Circulatory pressure
        
        capillary pressure
        
        venous pressure
        
        arterial pressure (blood pressure)
    - - slows flow and increases resistance due to sudden changes in vessel diameter or irregular surfaces bc of disease
    - - any force that opposes movement
    - - neural and hormonal control mechanisms regulate blood pressure
        
        example: increase blood flow to skeletal muscles during exercise
- - - - dominated by elastic fibers rather than smooth muscle cells
      - absorb pressure changes that occur during cardiac cycle
      - blood pressure
    - - medium sized arteries that distribute blood to skeletal muscles and internal organs
      - more smooth muscle and fewer elastic fibers
  - - - middle layer/smooth muscle tissue/vasoconstriction and dilation
    - - forms sheath of connective tissue/stabilize and anchor blood vessel
    - - innermost layer/dominated by elastic fibers
- - - - carotid sinuses: in neck
      - aortic sinuses: pockets in the walls of the aorta adjacent to the heart
      - baroreceptor reflexes: autonomic reflexes that adjust cardiac output
      - baroreceptors monitor the degree of stretch in the walls
    - - respond to changes in carbon dioxide, oxygen, or pH in blood and cerebrospinal fluid
      - carotid bodies located in neck near the carotid sinuses
- - - - several days before normal again, fluid retention and reabsorbtion preventing further reductions in blood volume, thirst increased, eythropoietin targets bone marrow to make more red blood cells
    - - appear asap, vasometer center quickly improves venous return and restores cardiac output by mobilizing the venous reserve
      - ADH, E, NE
  - - - venous return increases-skeletal muscle contractions squeeze blood along the veins and increased breathing rate pulls blood into the venae cavae
      - extensive vasodialation-rate of oxygen consumption in skeletal muscles increases. periphreal resistance drops, blood flow through the capillaries increases
      - cardiac output rise-direct response to ventricular stretching
- - - - three elastic arteries deliver blood to neck, shoulders, upper limbs:
        
        left common carotid
        
        left subclavian
        
        brachiocephalic
    - - begins at semilunar valve at the left ventricle-aortic arch curves across the superior surface of the heart-then connects with descending aorta
  - - - dural sinuses
      - superior sagittal sinus
      - internal jugular veins
    - - receives blood from upper limbs, shoulders, chest, head and neck