Hitler
Domestic policies
Foreign policies
Use of propaganda
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Rise to Power
Maintenance of Power
Economic policies
1936 Four year plan, putting Goring in charge, purpose of rearmament
1934 New Plan, put Hjalmar Schacht in charge of it. He
introduced the "New Plan", Germany's attempt to achieve economic "autarky", in September 1934. Germany had accrued a massive foreign currency deficit during the Great Depression, which continued into the early years of the Third Reich.
Political policies
Nuremberg Laws of 1935. The Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour prohibited marriages and extramarital intercourse between Jews and Germans, and forbade the employment of German females under 45 in Jewish households.
Social policies
Hitler announces official boycott of Jewish shops in 1932
Strength Through Joy was a large state-operated leisure organization in Nazi Germany.It was a part of the German Labour Front , the national German labour organization at that time. Set up as a tool to promote the advantages of National Socialism to the people, it soon became the world's largest tourism operator of the 1930s
Over 3000 university lecturers fired for radical and political reasons
Hitler used propaganda in order to transmit its ideas and values to the entire population, and was crucial to make sure there were no opposing views
Goebbels organized rallies, posters speeches, and literature which all contributed to the Hitler myth which portrayed an image of a messiah like figure and a man who was the savior of Germany
Due to the censorship of media and the control of its content the general mood of the media was made very pro-Nazi, therefore anyone who disagreed with the media's view would be stepping out of line. The terror of not conforeming, due to the propaganda, contributed greatly to the consolidation of power. This terror was made even more potent by organized villent acts against anything un-nazi, such as the book burnings in 1933.
Destroy the Treaty of Versailles
Unite all German speaking people into one reich
Expand eastwards to achieve Lebensraum
Rearmament which went against the treaty
withdrew from the league of nations in order to make diplomacy more difficult
Supported Franco in the Spanish Civil War
Re-militarized the Rhineland
seen in Mein Kempf, dedicated a full chapter titled "Eastern Orientation or Eastern Policy",outlining the need for the new 'living space' for Germany
Invasion of Sudetenland. For Hitler, this fulfilled two aims. One was to unite the German speaking people of this region with Germany, supporting his goal of a larger, united German nation.
To Hitler, taking over Austria – a move known as Anschluss – was simply the expansion of Germany to its natural borders.
Having brought most Germans together, Hitler wanted more space for them to live in. Poland, a large country with a lot of agricultural lands, provided both an easy target and plenty of space.
Southern Denmark contained some German speaking people, and there were Nazis who hoped to occupy it in time. But the reason for its invasion in 1940 was a strategic one.
economic factors
had to pay reparations, had extremely bad economy. After the First World War Germany suffered from inflation. In January, 1921, there were 64 marks to the dollar. By November, 1923 this had changed to 4,200,000,000,000 marks to the dollar.
Although the economy somewhat recovered after 1924, unemployment skyrocketed to over 30% during the Great Depression.
Embarrasment
Most Germans felt they were stabbed in the back by the "November Criminals". These were Democratic Germans who called for a surrender and peace treaty to end WWI and who created the Weimar Government.
Made Germany give back countries, made them pay for everything. Limited their trade with the rest of the world. Gave them no army. Not included in the League of Nations
Good oratory skills and provided answers to dire situation
“People were most willing to follow him because he seemed to have the right answers in a time of enormous economic upheaval.”
A French-American novelist George Steiner describes Hitler “It’s a hard thing to describe, but the voice itself was mesmeric … The amazing thing is that the body comes through on the radio. I can’t put it any other way. You feel you’re following the gestures,” Steiner said.
Failure of the Weimar Republic
The reparations of the Treaty of Versailles threw the Republic into a deeper state of national debt. Territorial losses on Germany’s behalf meant that it was now harder than ever to cover these payments. The Weimar government printed money to cover the costs of each payment. This had the effect of causing hyperinflation making people’s savings worthless. The government’s ineffective ability to deal with this made them seem traitorous and earned them the name ‘November Criminals’ which also made it harder for them to consolidate power.
The Great Depression. This economic crisis returned fears of inflation and unemployment from 1919 Germany back to the German people and aided to their realisation of the failing nature of a democracy. The slump made the savings of the middle-class worthless because of hyperinflation thus forcing people out of their homes and into considering parties such as the NSDAP who, through radical ideas, could ‘solve’ the economic crisis quickly as some civilians thought.
Use of Propaganda
Legislation
The Reichstag fire was an arson attack on the Reichstag building in Berlin 1933, one month after Adolf Hitler was sworn in as Chancellor of Germany. Hitler's government stated that a Dutch council communist, was found near the building and attributed the fire to communist agitators in general. After the fire, the Reichstag Fire Decree was passed. The Nazi Party used the fire as evidence that communists were plotting against the German government, and the event is considered pivotal in the establishment of Nazi Germany.
Enabling act of March 1933, which was a tremendously powerful act that broke down most political barrier to Hitler’s dictatorship. It allowed Hitler to pass laws and legislations without the official permission of the president as well as granted him the power to modify the Weimar constitution and therefore take away peoples civil liberties. It seriously reduced the effect of the opposition and began the spate of a series of acts, which further consolidated Hitler's power.
Gleichschaltung, which was the process by which the whole of the organized life of the German nation was to be brought under the single control of the Nazi party. It basically “Nazified” the entire German society. Numerous new legislations were introduced to the new Nazi society to impose Hitler’s authority upon the Germans, thus consolidate his power. An example is the Law against the New Formation of Parties, the KPD and the SPD were officially banned, all other political parties, except the Nazis, were declared illegal.[5] Other institutions lost their independence and dissolved themselves, by that means Hitler had no other political opposition in the Reichstag now, which meant that he secured his authority. In January 1934, Hitler abolished the provincial assemblies of the Länder. He replaced them with his own Nazi governors (Reichstatthalter), and made Germany for the first time a centralized, unitary state.
Eliminate Opposition
Hitler’s last method to strengthen his power was the event of The Night of the Long Knives, where all of his last potential contradictors were brutally killed. Even though Hitler had exterminated almost all of his political rivals, ironically, the greatest surviving threat to him and his policies came from within the Nazi’s own ranks. The SA were the thugs who Hitler had used to help him come to power. They had defended his meeting, and attacked his opponents.[9] By late 1933 the number of members had risen to some 2.5 million men. For Hitler – the SA were an embarrassment, not an advantage. Also, Röhm, the leader of the SA, was talking about a Socialist revolution and about taking over the army. Since this would go against everything Nazism represented, the result was the Night of the Long Knives on 30th June 1934.