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CAUSES OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE: How are diseases transmitted? (Adaptions…
CAUSES OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE
:
How are diseases transmitted?
Different pathogens
Noncellular pathogens
Prions (proteins)
brain develops holes, becoming spongy, Scrapie in sheep,Mad cow disease
Viruses (DNA enclosed in protein)
Common cold,influenza,chicken pox,rabies
Cellular pathogens
Macroscopic cellular pathogens
Ectoparasites (outside body)
leeches,fleas,ticks,lice,mites
Heartworm in dogs, Flystrike in sheep
Endoparasites (inside body)
Tapeworms,flatworms,flukes
Microscopic cellular pathogens
Bacteria (prokaryotic)
Pneumonia,Leprosy
Protozoa (eukaryotic)
Malaria,African sleeping sickness
Fungi
Ringworm, Thrush, plant diseases such as rusts
Modes of transmission
Indirect contact
Spread through water
cholera
Spread through food
salmonella
Faecal-oral spread
typhoid
Spread through surgical instruments
golden staph
Spread through the air
dust
chickenpox
aerosol
measles
droplets
influenza
Spread through contact with soil
tetanus
Direct contact
Persons to person
direct physical contact
cold sores
sexual contact
Chlamydia
infected body fluids
HIV
Mother to child
via placenta to unborn
chicken pox
via childbirth to born
some STIs
Animal to person
rabies
Vector transmission
malaria,lyme disease
mechanical vectors
diarrhoea,bubonic plague
diseases on agricultural production
Plant diseases
Rust
Fall Armyworm
Potato blight
Fruit fly
Animal diseases
Bird flu in chickens
Flystrike
Foot and mouth disease
more susceptible to diseases
monoculture
specially bred
rapid spread of pests due to increase trade, climate change, globalisation
intensive farming using pesticides and fertilisers lowers resilience
Adaptions of pathogens
Viruses
droplets,aerosols,vectors
Macroscopic endoparasites
hooks,suckers,efficient at reproducing
Protozoa
resistant cyst form,vectors
Ectoparasites
attactch strongly (ticks)
Bacteria
ability to form slimy biofilms where they can resist hot immune responses
Invading host cells to gain protection
Ability to adhere to cells
scientists
Louis pasteur
germ theory
invisible microbes were the cause of many diseases
swan necked flask
pasteurisation
vaccination
Robert koch
Koch's postulates
process to prove that a particular microbe is responsible for causing a particular disease