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Male Reproductive System (Testis (Mature sperm (Tail (Neck, Principle…

- - - - Presence of SRY gene, TDF (testis-determining factor)
    - - Testosterone
      - MIF (müllerian-inhibiting factor)
      - DHT (Dihydrotestosterone) (Male pseudohermaphrodites, DSD)
    - - Presence of Y chromosome
  - - - Leydig cell
      - Myoid cell
    - - Sertoli cell
    - - Spermatogonia
  - - - end near mediastinum (straight tubule, tubuli recti)
      - 50cm, 150-250𝛍
      - Continues with the rete testis
      - Epithelium
        
        Sertoli cells (supporting cells, sustentacular cells)
        
        extensive apical and lateral process
        
        Do not replicate after puberty
        
        Columnar cells
        
        Inclusion bodies of Charcot-Böttcher
        
        Tripartite structure (karyosomes)
        
        Sertoli cell-to-Sertoli cell junctional complex
        
        Basal epithelial compartment
        
        Luminal compartment
        
        Tight junction (actin filament)
        
        Sertoli-to-spermatid junction
        
        No tight junction
        
        Phagocytose and breakdown residual bodies
        
        Blood-testis barrier
        
        Exocrine
        
        Androgen-binding protein (ABP)
        
        Endocrine
        
        Inhibin (negative feedback against FSH)
        
        Plasminogen activator (plasminogen➞proteolytic hormone plasmin)
        
        Transferin (an iron-transporting protein)
        
        Ceruloplasmin (a copper-transporting protein)
        
        FSH, testosterone receptors
        
        Spermatogenic cells
        
        Derived from primordial germ cells
        
        Organized in poorly defined layers
        
        Spermatogonia (most immature) rest on basal lamina
        
        Spermatid (most mature) border the lumen
      - Tunica propia (lamina propia, peritubular tissue)
        
        3-5 layers of myoid cells
        
        Myoid cells (peritubular cell)
        
        Synthesize collagen fiber
        
        Contract rhythmically
    - - Extensive lymphatic vasculature
      - Leydig cells (interstitial cells)
        
        Large, polygonal, eosinophilic
        
        Typically contain lipid droplets
        
        Crystals of Reinke
        
        Mitochondria, sER
        
        steroid-secreting (testosterone)
        
        Testosterone
        
        In embryo
        
        development of gonads in male fetus
        
        At puberty
        
        Initiation of sperm production
        
        Accessory sex gland secretion
        
        Development of secondary sex characteristics
        
        In adult
        
        Maintenance of spermatogenesis
        
        secondary sex characteristics
        
        Genital excurrent ducts
        
        Accessory sex glands
        
        Muscle
        
        Bone density
        
        Mood
        
        Erythocytosis
      - Blood vessels
  - - - Primary spermatocyte
      - Secondary spermatocyte
      - Spermatid
    - - No further division
      - Golgi phase
        
        Acrosomal vesicle (PAS positive)
        
        Centrioles migrate to the posterior pole of spermatid
      - Cap phase
        
        Acrosomal cap
      - Acrosome phase
        
        Spermatid reorients itself
        
        Manchette (cylindrical sheath)
        
        Centriole move back, forming connecting piece
        
        Outer dense fibers peripheral to the axoneme
        
        Mitochondria sheath around middle piece
      - Maturation phase
        
        Residual body
        
        Spermatids released from Sertoli cells
    - - Type B
      - Type A pale (Ap)
      - Type A dark (Ad)
  - - - Neck
      - Principle piece
      - End piece
      - Middle piece
- - - - Sawtooth in lumen surface
      - Tall columnar (ciliated)
      - Short columnar (nonciliated)
  - - - Efferent ductules
    - - Ductus deferens
      - Seminal vesicle
      - Ejaculatory duct
      - Ductus epididymis
  - - - Decapacitation inhibits the fertility
      - Surface-associated decapacitation factor released in female reproductive tract
      - Develop hyperactivated motility after capacitation
    - - Pseudostratified columnar
      - Principle cells
        
        Modified microvilli (stereocilia)
        
        Secretion for sperm maturation
        
        Silica acid
        
        Glycoprotein
        
        Glycerophosphocholine
      - Basal cells
        
        Stem cells
      - Migrating lymphocytes (halo cells)
    - - Phagocytose residual bodies and degenerated sperm if not removed by Sertoli cells
      - Sperm maturation
      - Reabsorbtion
    - - Thin layer of circular muscle
        
        At head , body
        
        Rhythmic peristaltic contraction
      - L-C-L 3 layers
        
        At tail
        
        Few rhythmic peristaltic contraction
        
        Intensive contraction for ejaculation
  - - - L-C-L
      - Thinner at ampulla
      - Longitudinal layers disappear near origin of ejaculatory duct
      - Fibromuscular tissue substitutes muscularis layer in ejaculatory duct
    - - Pseudostratified columnar
      - Tall columnar cells with long microvilli
      - round basal cells
- - - - Central zone
        
        25%
        
        Resistent to carcinoma, inflammation
      - Transitional zone
        
        Mucosal glands
        
        Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
      - Peripheral zone
        
        70%
        
        Most susceptible to inflammation, carcinoma
        
        Palpable during digital rectal examination (woodlike consistency)
      - Periurethral zone
        
        Mucosal and submucosal glands
        
        Glandular nodules of transitional zone
        
        Increase urethral compression
    - - Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
      - Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP)
      - Fibrinolysin
      - enzymes, citric acid
    - - Intermediate submucosal layer
      - Peripheral layer
      - Inner mucosal layer
        
        Simple columnar
        
        Occasionally simple cuboidal, squamous, pseudostratified
        
        Depends on testosterone for morphology and function
    - - Prostatic concretions (corpora amylacea) in old men
  - - - Galatosamine
      - Galacturonic acid
      - Galatose
      - Sialic acid
      - Methylpentose
  - - - Thin layer of smooth muscles
        
        Inner circular
        
        Outer longitudinal
      - Fibrous coat
      - Mucosa
        
        Primary, secondary, tertiary folds
        
        Pseudostratified columnar epi. (nonciliated)
        
        Stem cell on basal lamina
    - - Fructose
      - Simple sugar, amino acids, ascorbic acid, prostaglandins
      - Whitish yellow
- - - - Helicine arteries form irregularly shaped vascular spaces
      - Subendothelial cushions(irregular smooth muscle)