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The Operating System (Explain the need for and use of a range of utility…

- - - - Backup
      - Defragmentation
      - Data Compression
    - - GUI or command-line
      - Settings
      - Security
    - - Backing store - ensures data is stored and can be retrieved correctly from any disc drive. Creates and maintains filing system such as FAT. Organises files in a hierarchical directory structure.
        
        FAT (File Allocation Table) - files on a hard drive are accessed by a location stored in the FAT. When the HDD is formatted or a file is deleted, it is the location entry in the FAT which is deleted. The file remains until it is overwritten.
      - Processes - ensures different processes can utilise the CPU and do not interfere with each other or crash. On a multi-tasking OS ensure that all tasks appear to run simultaneously.
      - Peripherals - communicates with and sends data output to an output device. Communicates with and receives data input from an input device.
        
        Spooling - data is stored in a queue, document is printed in the correct order. Benefit - user can carry on working when waiting for job to print.
      - Memory (RAM) - ensures all programs and data don't try to occupy the same location. Ensures all data and programs have enough memory allocation. Can utilise virtual memory when not enough memory is available.
- - - - Access Settings
      - Security (Passwords/Access Levels)
      - Customise (Layout/Colours)
      - Multiple Windows open (switch between)
      - Meaningful Icons
      - Error/Help Messages
- - - - Follow this link for an example of batch processing related to electricity bills:
- - - - Allows unusual commands that aren't available on a GUI.
      - Runs quicker than a GUI.
      - Versatile: using 'switches' to alter the command.
      - Efficient for experienced user.
    - - Text commands need to be known, typed and spelt correctly.
      - May take a novice a long time to learn.
  - - - Easy to learn for users with lower IT skills.
      - Common look and feel between applications.
      - No need to remember commands.
      - Cut and paste between applications.
    - - Advanced options may not be readily available.