chapter12

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1.superior/inferior vena cava

2.right atrium

3.tricuspid valve

4.right ventricle

5.pulmonary semi lunar valve

6.pulmonary trunk

7.left and right pulmonary arteries

8.capillaries (lungs)

9.pulmonary veins

10.left atrium

  1. bicuspid or mitral valve

12.left ventricle

13.aortic semi lunar valve

  1. ascending aorta

kahoots

the PRKINJE FIBERS of the heart are located in the walls of the ventricles

depolarization = p wave

qrs=ventricular depolarization

sa node, av node, av bundle, purkinje fibers

max rate of contraction muscle =200 per min

cardiac muscle is neither summantion nor tetany can occur

cardiac and skeletal muscle are similar +prensnce of striations

if the conccection between the sa node and av node becomes blockes.... the venticles will beat independently of the atraia

t wave=venticular repolarization

the senocd heart sound is heard when .... the similunar valves close

relaxation of the ventricles is called venticular diastole

the conduction velocity along purkinje fiver is GREATER

under condiotions of hypocalcemia cardiac muslce contractions is weak

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12.1

base=wide superior border apex=inferior point

visceral pericardium.. innermost delicate epithelium +CT covering surrounding the heart mucle

parital pericardium.. inner lining of the fibrous pericardium

fibrous pericardium...outermost tough fibrous protective CT layer that prevents overstretching of the heart

wall of the heart is composed of 3 layers 1.epicardium 2. myocardium 3.endocardium

upper chambers are called atria

ear like flaps called auricles cover the atria

lower chambers are called ventricles

right and left ventricle are separated by the interventricular septum

ventricles pump blood from the heart into arteries

atria recieve blood from the veins

thick walled chambers

artiroventular valves AV

the tricuspud lies between the right atrium and ventricle

the bicuspid valve lies between the left atrium and ventricle

chorde tentinease tendon like fibrous chords that connect the cups of AV valves to the papillary muscle of ventricles

papillary .. the muscular colums that are located on the inner surface of the venticles

semilunar valves .. the pulmonary sl valve lies within the pulmonary trunk

the aortle SL valve lies within the aorta

aorta carries blood from the left venticle to the body

the bicuspid lies between the left atrium and ventricle

chordae tendineae " tendon like fibrous cords that connect the cusps of av valves to the papillary valves

papillary the muscular columns that are located on the inner surface of the ventricles

SEMILUNAR VALVES

the pulmonary sl valve lies within the pulmonary trunk

the aorte sl valve lies within the aorta

major blood vensselst

artieries carry blood away from the heart

aorta carries blood from the left venticle to the body

pulmonary artieries carry blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

coronary artieries carry blood to the myocardium

veins carry blood towards the heart

superior vena cava brings blood from the head and upper limbs

inferior vena cava brings blood from the trunk and lower limbs

coronary sinus brings blood from the myocardium

ALL DEPOSIT BLOOD TO THE RIGHT ATRUIM

pulmonary veins bring blood from the lungs to the left atrium

ascending aorta oxygenated blood

coronary arteries 1st and 2nd branch of the aorta

anastomosis connection between 2 or more branches of arteries that supply the same region with blood

capillaries in myocardium exchange of gases ,cardiac venins deoxygenated blood

ischemia reduction of blood flow

hypoxia reducaed oxygen supply dues ti ischemia

angina pectoris severe chest pain the accompanies myocardial ischemia

myocardial heart attack infraction

reperfusion damage occurs when an oxygen deprived tissye blood supply is reestablished

antioxidants defend the body against this damage and include the enzyme catalase vitamin e c and beta carotene

12.2

rapid depolarization due to opening of na+ channels

platude due to opening of CA++ channels

repolarization dur to opening K+ channels

refractory period= the times following a contraction when a second contraction cannot be triggered

the frank starling law of the heart says that strength increases as venous return increases ( blood flow into the heart must be pumped out)

sinoatrial node SA located in the right upper most atrial wall
impulse travels throughout atrial fibers via gap junctions in intercalated discs to the..

atrioventricular node AV located in interatrial septum serves as a delay that allows for ventricular filling

atrioventricular bundle only electrical; connection between the atria and ventricles located in the superior interventricular septum

right and left bundle fibers lead downward through interventricular septum toward the aapex and impulse finally reaches

purkinje fibers large diameter conduction myofibers located within the papillary muscles of the ventricles conduct the impulses into the mass of the ventricular muscle tissue

electrocardiogram a recording of the electrical changes that occur ut the myocardium during the cardiac cycle

depolarization preceded contraction repolarization precede relaxation

p wave: atrial depolarization qrs: ventricular depolarization twave: ventricular repolarization

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12.4

cardiac output CO the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute
SV volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each beat
Noramal co 5 ;liters

lower temp slows deplarization of sa node lower heart rate decreased contraction


higher temp increases heart rate strength of contraction

parasympathetic:decreases cardioinhibitor reflex center

sympathetic increases cardioinhibitory reflex center