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The evolution of the digital divide: The digital divide turns to…
The evolution of the digital divide: The digital divide turns to inequality of skills and usage
Digital divide:
Motivation
Physical access
Digital skills
Different usage
Research's been focused on individual attributes without a lot of explanation
Network analysis as an alternative. Positions and relations between individuals in focus.
Categorical differences between groups of people explained by relations
E.g. from text: girls/boys. Boys first to take interest. Girls leave it to the boys. followed by years of reinforcement.
Brukes som eksempel på at det er noe strukturelt i relasjonene og ikke iboende forskjeller mellom kjønn. Men er det ikke litt tynt og antakende, da hele tesen starter med at guttene er mest interesserte? Og er det dessuten gyldig i Norge 2018?
Categorical pairs with one being dominant, e.g. girl/boy, old/young etc.
Individuals belong to different groups, most likely some dominant, some not
Different pairs weighs differently between societies
Among the most important categories:
labor market position
education
age
sex/gender
Durable inequality where pairs are institutionalized in social systems
Consequences of divide may relate to:
job possibilities
social contacts
political participation
being part of cyber-culture
ability to lead a mobile life
realizing citizenship rights
Diffusion stimulates motivation
Computer anxiety and technophobia still major barriers
Digital divide follows S-curve as rich, educated, young people reach saturation, and the others catch up
Economy plays a role in access beyond just having one device
Educational usage gap:
Low education = more entertainment
High education = More
serious
activities that results in social and economical advantages (jobs, education, news, discussion)
Gender and age gaps
even bigger. All forms of use more widespread among young, and boys have a broader use than girls.
Conclusion: Well known social and cultural differences in society are reflected in Internet usage
Prediction: Age gap will become smaller, education gap may even widen
Resources and appropriation theory
Core concepts:
Causes:
Personal and positional categorical inequalities in society
The distribution of resources relevant to that inequality
Effects:
A number of kinds of access to ICTs
A number of fields of participation in society
Characteristics of the ICTs: More user friendly = more participants