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CHAPTER 8 INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL (CONTROL (control loop (PID…

- - - - penetrate into the interior (of the fermentor)
        
        dissolved-oxygen sensors
        
        for measurement
        
        equation :red_flag:
        
        pO2: partial oxygen xxx?
        
        Ex: digital, optical oxygen sensor = NEW PRODUCT :red_flag:
        
        fluorescence :red_flag:
        
        for control
        
        pH sensors
        
        2 electrodes :red_flag:
        
        sensing
        
        reference
        
        one based on activity
        
        definition of pH
        
        others based on different systems
        
        sensitive to ions or protons :question:
        
        dissolved CO2 sensor
        
        CO2 + H2O
        
        analysis of inlets and outlets :!!: (learn it carefully)
        
        CO2 in gas phase
        
        infrared CO2 analyser
        
        Redox potential
        
        in liquid phase (b/c they need solvents for carring out the redox reactions?)
        
        microbial biomass
        
        turbidity
        
        but some limits when the solutions are too dark that do not let the light pass
        
        real-time estimation: very difficult
        
        BUT how about Tecan :question:
        
        https://www.tecan.com/
        
        indirect methods
      - operates on the samples
      - operates in labs
      - on-line vs. in-line (the best) vs. off-line
        
        note: black wires are part of the off-line systems.
  - - - offset (notice the dotted line)
      - P: proportion
      - I: integral
      - D: slope
    - - but can be more than ONE possible function.
      - foam control
        
        antifoam