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Societies and Empires of Africa (Government System (2) Stateless Society…
Societies and Empires of Africa
Continuity
1) Hunting-Gathering Societies
Social Systems
b. Social Structure
Group leader is typically a respected older male
Members listen to him but he does act as a chief
Each family makes their own decisions
Conflict
Arguments are settled through long discussions
Group members may decide to move to a different band if the conflict cannot be settled through discussion
Daily life is not governed by formal written laws
What issues can come from no formal laws? What advantages are there?
More about the Efe's
What feature of the Efe Social Structure is most like that of a democratic society?:
The Efe Social Structure is most like a democratic society because families will elect someone while choosing the rules all together.
Culture
a. Forest Dwellers
Efe (ay-fay) are a hunting gathering society in Africa
Live in small groups of 10-100 members and everyone is related
Each family occupies their own grass-and-brush shelter within a camp
Homes are usually not permanant due to the nomadic search of food
What other societies are alike to the Efe's?
Carry few possessions when moving and use resources in the area
Live in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of Congo (previously Zaire)
Democratic Republic of the Congo History
Value
Women are gatherers
Search for tams, wild seeds, and mushrooms in the forest
What else do women gather?
Men and older boys hunt
Hunt small antilope in groups called duikers
Duikers
Hunters go solo sometimes
Use poison tipped arrows and kill mammals
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To what might the Efe attribute their long success as a hunting-gathering society?:
There are many factors that have contributed toward the Efe's success as a hunting-gathering society. They have adapted to the land, understand the climate, and are able to hunt by themselves and in groups.
Efe Kingdom History
What other hunting gathering societies were apparent during this time?
Government System
2) Stateless Society
Families were organized into
Lineages
Believed there were descendants of a common ancestor
Lineage included past and future generations
Members felt strong loyalty towards each other
What problems could the Lineage system cause?
-
African groups developed governing systems based off of lineage
Stateless Society
- Had no centralized system of power
Authority was balanced among the lineages of equal power, so no single family had too much power
Respected elders settled disputes when they arised
Ancient West Africa: Bantu Migrations & The Stateless Society
What are some advantages of a Stateless Society?
How is lineage important to stateless societies?:
Lineage is important to stateless societies because it helps balance the power to make sure no family has more power than another.
a. Tracing Family Descent
Members of a
Patrilineal
society trace their ancestors through their father.
Inheritance passes from father to son. Any one of the extended family (He, his wife, and their children) remains that way.
In a
Matrilineal
society, children trace their ancestors through their mothers.
Young men from a matrilineal culture inherit land and wealth from their mothers.
Men in a matrilineal culture usually hold the positions of authority.
Authority
How is a Matrillneal society different than a Patrillineal society?
Britannica - Matrilineal vs Patrilineal
b. Age Set System
Young people formed close ties with people outside of their lineage
Age Sets consists of people who are born during a certain time period within a region
Each stage passed through important stages in one's life
Men and women had different life stages, each with their own duties
What kind of duties did women and men have?
Ceremonies used to celebrate the passage of one stage to the next
What kind of ceremonies were held?
Societies used age set systems teach discipline, community service, and leadership skills to the young
Britannica - Age Set
How would a conflict between youngest cousins be resolved?
- If the cousins were in the same family, their parents would meet to negotiate. If the cousins were from different families, the oldest living generation would meet to negotiate
Social System
Religion
3) Muslim States
Value
c. Almoravid Reformers
The Muslims founded the Almoravid empire in the 11th Century
Called the Berber Group
They lived in the western Sahara in what is today Mauritania
Beber Muslims made a pilgrimage to Mecca
Pilgrimage- a journey or pilgrim people take
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More about the Berber's
Self-Interest
d. Almohads Take Over
The Almohads started a religious movement in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco
Pilgrimage to Mecca, Ibn Tumart criticized the later Almoravid rulers all moving away from the traditional practice of Islam
Strictly obey the teachings of the Qur’an and Islamic law
By 1148 the Almohads controlled most of Morocco and ended Almoravid rule
The Muslim reformers kept the Marrakech as their capital
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How do you think the people responded to this criticism?
The Almohads
Religion
a. Islamic Role In Africa
Muhammad died in 632
After his death Muslims spread across the northwest part of the continent.
Islam started to spread across Africa.
Some people where converted peacefully and others violently
The Muslims ruled Egypt by 670 and they had entered Maghrib.
The Muslim rulers then based the government of off Islamic law.
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Maghrib- the part of North Africa that is today the Mediterranean coast of Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco.
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The Death of Muhammad
How did the death of Muhammad effect his followers?
Leadership
b. Islamic Law
They followed a law of religion obligation
They do not spread there personal life to anybody from there religion
The Islamic law goes by the areas of human life
Islamic helped the Muslim states bring order
The Muslims have a different interpretations then the Islamic
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What areas of human life did the Islamic life go by?
Religous Obligations of an Islamic State