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Individual differences in obedience (social) (What? (examples (gender,…
Individual differences in obedience (social)
What?
dispositional factors that results in people responding differently to situations
independent behaviour
personal factors make some more/less able to resist pressures to obey
examples
gender
personality
education
culture
Milgram argues:
people obey because of situation
found that likelihood of obedience increases if:
authority figure is near
victim cannot be seen
but must be other factors as obedience was always below 100%
Locus of control
proposed by Rotter 1966
type of personalities
External Locus of Control: helpless to control events (victims of fate). What happens to them is a result of external factors
Internal Locus of Control: when you feel entirely in control of your actions. Any consequence is a result of their own behaviour
Studies
Blass 1991: subjects w/ high internal locus of control = especially resistant to obedience if they suspected they were being coerced by the experimenter
Schurz 1985: Austrian participants told the highest level could cause skin damage. Found no link between locus of control and obedience (80% went to the max) BUT found those w/ Internal locus of control took more responsibility
Gender
Milgram found men and women were equally obedient in his shock experiment (but used small sample size of 40) Females report higher stress levels
Blass' meta-analysis of 9 of Milgram's shock procedures found only one study showed a significant difference between the genders (Australia, men = 40%, women = 16%)
Culture
Kilham & Mann 1974 found Australia has the lowest obedience rating (28% took it to 450v)
Australia = individualist culture (emphasis on importance of personal freedom and independence, children taught to be independent and self-reliant, encouraged to develop uniqueness)
Edwards et al 1969 found high obedience rating in South Africa (87.5%)
South Africa = collectivist culture (exert emphasis on importance of social groups, obedience + conformity is viewed positively