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Cardiovascular System (Heart (Pericardial Membranes (Serous Pericardium…

- - - - Parietal Pericardium
      - Visceral Pericardium
        
        Made of simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue.
    - - Filled with serous fluid to reduce friction.
    - - Made of dense irregular connective
  - - - Simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue. Covers valves.
    - - Muscle of heart.
    - - (Serous membrane) Visceral pericardium.
  - - - Has T-Tubules but no terminal cisterns.
    - - Space where electrical signals and movement of ions occur.
    - - Fascia adherens are desmosome- like structures that works to anchor non-epithelium tissue together
  - - - Mitral Valve (Bicuspid)
        
        Between left atrium and ventricle and is connected to chordae tendoneae which is connected to papillary muscle. Prevents backflow of blood from right atrium to right ventricle.
      - Tricuspid Valve
        
        Between right atrium and ventricle and is connected to chordae tendoneae which is connected to papillary muscle. Prevents backflow of blood from left atrium to left ventricle.
    - - Between aorta and left ventricle which prevents backflow back into ventricle from arteries
    - - Between pulmonary trunk and right ventricle which prevents backflow back into ventricle from arteries.
  - - - "Pacemaker" which sets the heartrate and generates electrical signals that spread through gap junctions in myocardium of atria to create contraction of atria. Signal then goes to atrioventricular node
    - - Short delay to allow ventricles to fill then to atrioventricular bundle
    - - Has branches to left and right in myocardium of interventricular septum that activates the ventricles on their respective sides. The signal then goes to Parkinje fibers.
- - - - Has "windows" (pores) for high rate of exchange such as in small intestine, kidneys, choroid plexus, capillaries in synovial membranes and endocrine glands.
    - - Large, winding. Wide, leaky capillaries with few cell junctions and open intercellular clefts that allows large items such as protein, and whole cells to pass through. Is in liver (proteins) and spleen (whole cells).
    - - Most common. In central nervous system, skin, smooth/ skeletal muscle, etc. Has intercellular clefts (gaps) and is kind of leaky. Intercellular clefts are gaps made by unjoined membrane without tight junctions and some desmosomes.
  - - - Takes oxygen poor blood to the right atrium.
    - - More superficial and nearest skin without similar artery
    - - Carries oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the heart.
    - - Deep within muscle tissue with similar artery
    - - Smallest veins similar to capillaries with only 1-2 layer of smooth muscle. Smallest venules are considered postcapillary venules and has an endothelium consisting of pericytes.
  - - - Largest arteries near the heart. 1 cm.- 2.5 cm lumen, Low resistance from large lumen allows better conducting between heart and muscular arteries. Moves blood away from heart. Thick elastic wall of tunica media and few smooth muscle.
    - - Distal to elastic arteries. More smooth muscle relative to size than other arteries. Lumen is 0.3 mm to 1 cm. Takes blood to and supplies organs. Can constrict or dilate to decrease or increase blood flow, respectively.
    - - Smallest artery with lumen being 10 micrometer to 0.3 mm. Only 1-2 layers of smooth muscle in tunica media. Can constrict or dilate. Small arterioles lead to capillaries.
- - - - Loses organelles and nucleus before being released into the blood stream. Biconcave makes them have more surface area so it can easily pick up and give oxygen. Has hemoglobin to bind with oxygen.
    - - Not cells, but pieces of cytoplasm from megakaryocytes. Clots when with fibrinogen.
    - - Monocytes
        
        Three types (Classic, Non-classic, and Intermediate). Can perform phagocytosis and destroy infected host cells. Involved in immune system of vertebrate.
      - Lymphocytes
        
        Includes T, B, and Natural Killer cells, and are found in lymph. Involved with immune system of vertebrate.
      - Basophils
        
        Least common WBC (0.5%-1%). Large and helps with inflammatory responses, such as making histamine and serotonin which inflames. Makes heparin which stops blood clotting. Granulocyte.
      - Eosinophils
        
        1%-3% of WBC. Involved with allergy and asthma functions while also helping with immunity.Acidic. Granulocyte.
      - Neutrophils
        
        Most abundant WBC (40%-70%). First to respond against bacterial infections. Phagocyte.