Cardiovascular System
Heart
Blood Vessels
Blood
Capillaries
Veins
Arteries
Fenestrated
Sinusoidal
Continuous
Has "windows" (pores) for high rate of exchange such as in small intestine, kidneys, choroid plexus, capillaries in synovial membranes and endocrine glands.
Most common. In central nervous system, skin, smooth/ skeletal muscle, etc. Has intercellular clefts (gaps) and is kind of leaky. Intercellular clefts are gaps made by unjoined membrane without tight junctions and some desmosomes.
Large, winding. Wide, leaky capillaries with few cell junctions and open intercellular clefts that allows large items such as protein, and whole cells to pass through. Is in liver (proteins) and spleen (whole cells).
Systemic
Superficial
Pulmonary
Deep
Carries oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the heart.
Takes oxygen poor blood to the right atrium.
More superficial and nearest skin without similar artery
Deep within muscle tissue with similar artery
Plasma
Cells
Liquid. 90% water, and more than 110 different molecules, ions, minerals, vitamins, and hormones.
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
Thrombocytes (Platelets)
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Pericardial Membranes
Elastic
Loses organelles and nucleus before being released into the blood stream. Biconcave makes them have more surface area so it can easily pick up and give oxygen. Has hemoglobin to bind with oxygen.
Not cells, but pieces of cytoplasm from megakaryocytes. Clots when with fibrinogen.
Most abundant WBC (40%-70%). First to respond against bacterial infections. Phagocyte.
1%-3% of WBC. Involved with allergy and asthma functions while also helping with immunity.Acidic. Granulocyte.
Least common WBC (0.5%-1%). Large and helps with inflammatory responses, such as making histamine and serotonin which inflames. Makes heparin which stops blood clotting. Granulocyte.
Includes T, B, and Natural Killer cells, and are found in lymph. Involved with immune system of vertebrate.
Three types (Classic, Non-classic, and Intermediate). Can perform phagocytosis and destroy infected host cells. Involved in immune system of vertebrate.
Muscular/Distributing
Arteriole
Largest arteries near the heart. 1 cm.- 2.5 cm lumen, Low resistance from large lumen allows better conducting between heart and muscular arteries. Moves blood away from heart. Thick elastic wall of tunica media and few smooth muscle.
Distal to elastic arteries. More smooth muscle relative to size than other arteries. Lumen is 0.3 mm to 1 cm. Takes blood to and supplies organs. Can constrict or dilate to decrease or increase blood flow, respectively.
Smallest artery with lumen being 10 micrometer to 0.3 mm. Only 1-2 layers of smooth muscle in tunica media. Can constrict or dilate. Small arterioles lead to capillaries.
Venules
Smallest veins similar to capillaries with only 1-2 layer of smooth muscle. Smallest venules are considered postcapillary venules and has an endothelium consisting of pericytes.
Layers of Heart Wall
Microscopic Anatomy of Myocardium
Heart Valves
Conduction of Heart
Serous Pericardium (Serous Membranes)
Pericardial Cavity
Fibrous Pericardium
Made of dense irregular connective
Parietal Pericardium
Filled with serous fluid to reduce friction.
Visceral Pericardium
Made of simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue.
Endocardium
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Sinoatrial Node
Myocardium
Epicardium
Simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue. Covers valves.
Muscle of heart.
(Serous membrane) Visceral pericardium.
Gap Junctions
Intercalated Discs
Space where electrical signals and movement of ions occur.
Fascia adherens are desmosome- like structures that works to anchor non-epithelium tissue together
Has T-Tubules but no terminal cisterns.
Atrioventricular Valves
Aortic Semilunar Valve
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Mitral Valve (Bicuspid)
Tricuspid Valve
Between left atrium and ventricle and is connected to chordae tendoneae which is connected to papillary muscle. Prevents backflow of blood from right atrium to right ventricle.
Between right atrium and ventricle and is connected to chordae tendoneae which is connected to papillary muscle. Prevents backflow of blood from left atrium to left ventricle.
Between pulmonary trunk and right ventricle which prevents backflow back into ventricle from arteries.
Between aorta and left ventricle which prevents backflow back into ventricle from arteries
"Pacemaker" which sets the heartrate and generates electrical signals that spread through gap junctions in myocardium of atria to create contraction of atria. Signal then goes to atrioventricular node
Atroventricular Node
Short delay to allow ventricles to fill then to atrioventricular bundle
Atroventricular Bundle
Has branches to left and right in myocardium of interventricular septum that activates the ventricles on their respective sides. The signal then goes to Parkinje fibers.