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MeganPederson Cardiovascular System (Blood (Blood plasma (100 different…
MeganPederson Cardiovascular System
Heart
Pericardial Membranes
Pericardial Cavity
slit like space
Epiehteal cells produce lubricating film, reduces friction between beating heart and outer wall of pericardial sac
between parietal/visceral layer of serious pericardium
Serious Pericardium- double layer, deep to fibrous
Pericardial-lies on heart, continuous with parietal layer
Parietal- Outer layer of serous pericardium, close sac
Fibrous pericardium-
Keeps heart in place
Dense C.T
Extends from diaphragm to roots of large vessels
Keeps from overfilling with blood
Layers of heart wall
Myocardium
cardiac muscle tissue
actual layer that contracts
forms bulk of heart muscle
Contains bundles that squeeze the blood, make sure the blood is flowing properly
Endocardium
Areolar C.T
Lines heart chambers/valves
Simple squamous epithelium
Epicardium
superficaial
visceral layer of serous pericardium
Areolar C.T- Simple squamous
Anatomy of Myocardium
striated muscle
Junctions that join cardiac muscles cells- intercalated discs
Intercalated discs
location: Z line of sarcomere
Cell junctions make up intercalated disc
Fascia Adherens- anchoring sites for actin
Desmosomes-stop separating during contractions by binding filaments
Gap junctions- allow action potentials
Heart Ect...
Heart Valves
Pulmonary semilunar valve-controls blood flow
Aortic semilunar valve- controls blood flow
Tricuspid Valve- between right atrium and right ventricle
Bicuspid Valve- Between Left atrium and left ventricle
Conduction of the heart system
SA Node signal impulses travels along the internodal pathway to Atrioventricular node (AV)
Signal delayed for a fraction of a second
After delay impulses race thru atrioventricular bundle
Enters interventricular septum and separates into two branches
Atrioventricular bundle connects the atria to the ventricles
Sinoatrial node(SA) signals each heartbeat- pace maker
SA node signals travels thru the gap junctions in the intercalated discs
series of cardiac muscles cells that carries impulses throughout the heart
Halfway down septum bundle branches terminate in the subendocardial conducting network- Purkinje fibers
Blood Vessels
Arteries- carries blood away from heart
Muscular arteries
takes blood to organ and organ parts
Tunica Media-thicker than other arteries
Internal elastic membrane
External elastic membrane
Distal to elastic arteries
Elastic Arteries
Largest artery, most proximal
Able to move large amount of blood
Can stretch, recoil, propel blood forward
Arterioles
Smallest artery
most distal
capable of changing diameter to regulate blood flow
1-2 layers of smooth muscle
Cappillaries
Absent in avascular epithelia tissue (cornea, cartilage, lens)
Continious
most common
Skeletal, skin, cns
Least leaky
tight junction/ desmosomes hold capillary endothelia cells together
Smallest blood vessel
Fenestrated
Located in areas of high rates of exchange
Endocrine glands, kidney choroid plexus, small intestines
Window- More leaky
Sinusoid
can exchange things as large as proteins and whole cells
Large pores
occur in bone marrow, spleen
leaky
Veins- blood vessels that conduct blood from the capillaries toward the heart
Vasodilation- dilation of blood vessel- larger lumen
Vasoconstriction-contract of blood vessel- small lumen
Venules
smallest vein
1-2 layers of smooth muscle
still has exchange
Anastomosis
Vessels that unite/interconnect around joints
Circle of Willis, coronary circulation
Blood
A connective tissue because it is composed of extracellular matrix and cells
Blood plasma
100 different molecules
waste, nutrients, amino acids, vitamins
Liquid 90% water
Main Proteins
Globulin- has antibodies protects us from pathogens- transports lipids iron
Fibrinogen- involved in chemical reactions that aides in blood clotting
Albumin- helps keep water in blood vessels
Formed Elements
Platelets
Not really cells
Thrombocytes
Small parts of megakaryoctyes
Leukocytes
Agranulocytes
Monocytes
largest leukocye
formed in bone marrow
Rush to attack site
Lymphocytes
mostly nucleus
Most important for immune system
Molecule that induces a response called antigen
Granulocytes-contains granules
Basophil- rarest- granules contain histamine
Eosinophil- rare- ending allergic reactions
Neutrophil- bacteria destroying- most abundant
Erythrocytes
Red Blood Cells
Biconcave shape helps increase surface area
most numerous
Cytoplasm packed with hemoglobin
Created in red bone marrow