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Cognitive Science (Cognitive theory (Types of data representation…

- - - - Scientific Method
        
        Experiment
        
        Independent Variable
        
        Hypothesis
        
        Dependent variable
        
        Theory
        
        Experimental group
        
        Control group
    - - Structuralism
      - Functionalism
      - Voluntatrism
      - Gestalt Psychology
        
        Insight learning
        
        Incubation
        
        Illumination
        
        Preparation
        
        Verification
        
        Perceptual Organisation
        
        Proximity in visual field
        
        Closure
        
        Similarity in colour, lightness, shape etc.
        
        Pragnanz
    - - Psychoanalytic psychology
        
        ID
        
        Superego
        
        Ego
        
        3 states of consciousness
        
        Subconscious
        
        Conscious
        
        Preconscious
      - Behaviourist Approach
    - - Classical conditioning
        
        Involuntary
      - Operant conditioning
        
        Voluntary
- - - - Epistemology
        
        Knowledge acquisition problem
        
        Types of knowledge
        
        Declarative Knowledge
        
        Procedural Knowledge
        
        How do we acquire knowledge?
        
        Empiricism
        
        Rationalism
        
        Nativism
        
        Associationist
      - Metaphysics
        
        Mind-body problem
        
        What is mind?
        
        Physical substance
        
        Relationship between mind and body
        
        Dualism
        
        Substance Dualism
        
        Property Dualism
        
        Classic Dualism
        
        Functionalism
        
        Monism
        
        Idealism
        
        Physicalism
        
        Non-physical substance
      - Consciousness
        
        Qualia
        
        Reductionist way
        
        Searle's Chinese Room
        
        Weak AI
        
        Strong AI
        
        Cartesian Theatre
    - - Inductive Reasoning (Generalization)
      - Abductive Reasoning (Explanation)
      - Deductive Reasoning (Assertion)
    - - Categories of representation
        
        Concepts
        
        Analogies
        
        Rules
        
        Images
        
        Logic propositions
        
        Connections
        
        Mental model
- - - - Aphasia
        
        Broca's Aphasia
        
        Wernicke's Aphasia
      - Stages of human language aqquisition
        
        Babbling stage
        
        One-word stage
        
        Cooing stage
        
        Two word stage
      - Language Deprivation
        
        Critical period of language development
      - Language characteristics
        
        Structured
        
        Generative
        
        Arbitrary
        
        Dynamic
        
        Communicative
    - - Morphology
      - Syntax
      - Phonology
      - Semantics
    - - Arbitrariness
      - Displacement
    - - Syntax
      - Innateness
      - Phonetics
    - - Universal characteristics of language
      - The degvelopmental stages of a child
      - Defined brain areas
- - - - Animal Memory
        
        Object Permanence
      - Animal Problem Solving
        
        Transitive Inference
      - Comparative Neuroscience
        
        Cephalization index
    - - Natural selection
        
        Inheritance
        
        Selection
        
        Variation
      - Cosmides and Tooby
        
        Evolved psychological mechanism
        
        Mibnd is like a Swiss Army Knife
      - Categorization of evolution
        
        Typicality effect
      - Evolution and memory
        
        Recall for words is proportional to their frequency and occurence
      - Evolution and logical reasoning
        
        The Wason selection task
        
        Rule
        
        Question
        
        Problem
        
        Correct Answers
      - Evolution and judgement under uncertainty
        
        Heuristics
        
        Past records or experiences
        
        Behavioural economics
        
        Loss aversion
        
        Loss aversion and framing effect
        
        The ultimatum game
        
        Mental accounting
        
        Endowment effect
        
        Sunk-cost fallacy
        
        Fallacies
        
        Conjunction fallacy
        
        Gambler's fallacy
        
        Base-rate fallacy
- - - - Lesion studies
      - Case study method
    - - Left cerebral hemisphere
      - Right cerebral hemisphere
      - Corpus callosum
      - Gyrus
      - Fissure
      - Frontal lobe
      - Parietal lobe
      - Occipital lobe
      - Temporal lobe
      - Hippocampus
    - - Single-cell recording
      - Multiple recording
    - - Potential in neurons
        
        Electric potential
        
        Resting potential
        
        Action potential
        
        Slow potential
      - Synapses
        
        Neurotransmitters
        
        Dopamine
- - - - AI Techniques
        
        Knowledge Acquisition/retrieval
        
        Search- Find All the Links to the Answers
        
        Decision Making- How to Quickly Find the Best Decision
        
        Learn- Get Feedback from previous work and try to reduce error
      - Intelligent Agents
        
        Turing's finite state machine
        
        Craik's model of intelligent agents
      - Decision support systems
        
        Rule-based
        
        Case-based
      - Expert systems
        
        If-then structure
        
        Algorithm for searching and choosing rules
      - Search
        
        Blind search
        
        Depth-first
        
        Breadth-first
      - Other techniques
        
        Evolutionary computiung
        
        Artificial neural network
        
        Statistical modeling
    - - Ability To Aquire New Knowledge
      - Apply the best techniques to meet our goals
      - Drawbacks
        
        Limitation of human memory
    - - Natural language processing
        
        Syntactic analysis
        
        Semantic analysis
        
        Speech recognition
        
        Pragmatic analysis
    - - Forward chaining
      - Backward chaining
- - - - Selecting a rule
        
        Operational priority
        
        Recency
        
        Specificity
        
        Dependency
      - Limitations of rules
        
        Inflexible
        
        Difficult to control, process and follow
        
        Knowledge acquisition is difficult
        
        Rules are generally static
    - - Frame
      - Script
      - Schema
    - - Mental representation that is similar to what it represents
        
        Images vs words
        
        Images have more representational power
        
        Images cannot replace verbal representations
        
        There can be visual rules, concepts and analogies
    - - Procedure
        
        Determine the most relevant matching criteria
        
        Retrieve a source from memory that best matches the target
        
        Get target
        
        If matching source is found: construct a solution, adapt to the solution
      - Limitations of analogies
        
        Lack of previous experience
        
        Adaptation may be complex
        
        Analogies may be misleading
    - - Types of links
        
        Excitatory
        
        Inhibitory
      - Types of connectionist representations
        
        Local representation
        
        Distributed representation
      - Semantic networks
        
        Application
        
        Perception
      - Limitations of connections
        
        Hard to represent relations
    - - Mental model and deductive reasoning
        
        Generate an alternative example and continue until all possibilities are explored
        
        Hold all the examples in memory
        
        First generate an example to conform with argument
      - Rule vs model
        
        Rule-based or proof theoretic inference
        
        Model-based or model theoretic influence