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Cardiovascular System (Heart (Conduction system of the heart (AV node-…
Cardiovascular System
Heart
Microscopic anatomy of myocardium- consists of myofibrils, fascia adherens, gap junctions (electrical signals movements of ions) and intercalated discs (fascia adherens, desmosome like structures)
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Layers of the heart wall
Myocardium- is the muscle of the heart, middle layer and is composed of cardiac muscle
Endocardium- lines the heart, covers the valves. Is made up of areolar connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium (endothelium)
Epicardium- is the visceral pericardium, the outermost heart layer
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Pericardial Membranes
Serous pericardium- membranes, simple squamous epithelium and areolar CT
Parietal- lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium (membrane). Is made up of simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue
Visceral- covers the outside of the heart (membrane). It is made up of simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue
Pericardial cavity- filled with serous fluid which reduces friction and continuous movement of the heart
Fibrous pericardium- is dense irregular CT, from diaphragm to roots of large vessels. Keeps the heart in place and keeps the heart from overfilling
Blood Vessels
Veins- carries blood towards the heart, less elastic in general, deoxygenated blood
Medium-sized veins- veins have valves/makes the blood flow upward. If it does not work for the person it causes varicose veins
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Venules- smallest of the veins, much like capillaries, 1-2 layers of smooth muscle
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Arteries- carry blood away from the heart, oxygenated blood
Muscular arteries- (distributing) move muscle relative to size to other arteries, take blood to organs, parts of organs. Distal to elastic arteries. They can constrict or dilate to decrease or increase blood flow
Arterioles- smallest of the arteries, 1-2 layers of tunica media of smooth muscles. They can constrict or dilate
Elastic arteries- (conducting) moving blood away from the heart, largest - proximal to heart, aorta and major branches. Stretch and recoil
Blood
Cells- are not close together, the ECM is plasma
Erythrocytes- are all created in red bone marrow, red blood cells lose many organelles. They are biconcave, have a higher surface area and contain hemoglobin
Leukocytes- are white blood cells. There are five different kinds: neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, lymphocyte and monocyte
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Thrombocytes- are NOT cells they are pieces of cytoplasm from a megakarocye, also involved in blood clotting
Plasma- is a liquid 90% is water, more than 100 different molecules such as ions, minerals, vitamins, hormones and nutrients such as lipids, sugar and amino acids
Proteins
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Globulins- immunoglobulins (antibodies), sometimes transports for hydrophobic substances
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