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PAP Chemistry (Unit 2-3 Atomic Theory and Atomic Structure, Periodic…

- - - - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EIAaGHK5pjA
  - - - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum
        
        Frequency- Number of waves that pass a given point in a certain period of time.
        
        https://twitter.com/frequencytoday
        
        Crest- The highest point on a wave.
        
        Wavelength- Distance between corresponding points on a continuous wave.
        
        https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/λ
        
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U5YRTcitWhI
        
        Though- The lowest point on a wave.
  - - - https://chem.libretexts.org/Textbook_Maps/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Electronic_Configurations/Pauli_Exclusion_Principle
    - - https://ch301.cm.utexas.edu/section2.php?target=atomic/e-config/hunds-rule.html
    - - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aufbau_principle
    - - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iN1FcieddnY
  - - - Ex- Ionic Compounds
        
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oeyBR-4vmPg
- - - - http://spcpchemroom9.blogspot.com/2010/08/
      - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TzLnO04uO30
  - - - Ex1. To translate 10,300,000,000,000,000,000,000 carbon atoms into scientific notation, we move the decimal point to the left 22 times.
        10,300,000,000,000,000,000,000 = 1.03 x 10 ^22
        
        Ex 2. To convert numbers smaller than 1 into scientific notation, we have to move the decimal point to the right. The decimal point in 0.000985, for example, must be moved to the right four times.
        0.000985 = 9.85 x 10 ^-4
        
        Ex 3. Converting 0.000,000,000,000,000,000,000,020 grams per carbon atom into scientific notation involves moving the decimal point to the right 23 times.
        0.000,000,000,000,000,000,000,020 = 2.0 x 10 ^-23
        
        http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch1/scinot.html
        
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q_klLmTSyyw
  - - - Example-
        .500 or .632000 the zeros are significant
        .006 or .000968 the zeros are not significant
        
        Addition/Subtraction-
        1)Count the number of significant figures in the decimal portion ONLY of each number in the problem
        2) Add or subtract in the normal fashion
        3) Your final answer may have no more significant figures to the right of the decimal than the least number of significant figures in any number in the problem.
        
        Multiplication/Division-
        1)The least number of significant figures in any number of the problem determines the number of significant figures in the answer. (You are now looking at the entire number, not just the decimal portion)
        
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sno64ghj7nA
  - - - Liquids
        1)Particles in a liquid are close together with no regular arrangement.
        2)Particles in a liquid vibrate, move about, and slide past each other.
        3) Assumes the shape of the part of the container which it occupies.
        4) Not easily compressible
        5) Flows easily
        
        http://statesofmattergroup.weebly.com/liquids.html
      - Gases
        1) Particles in a gas are well separated with no regular arrangement.
        2) Particles in a gas vibrate and move freely at high speeds.
        3) Assumes the shape and volume of its container.
        4) Compressible
        5) Flows easily
        
        https://byjus.com/chemistry/three-states-of-matter/
      - Solids
        1) Particles in a solid are tightly compacted, usually in a regular pattern.
        2) Particles in a solid vibrate but generally do not move from place to place.
        3) Keeps a fixed volume and shape.
        4) Not easily compressible.
        5)Does not flow easily.
        
        https://byjus.com/chemistry/matter-solid-liquid-gas/
- - - - https://stackoverflow.com/questions/17957163/how-to-add-table-view-section-header-with-subscripts
        
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6upVmuZFN5I
  - - - https://chemistry.tutorvista.com/inorganic-chemistry/covalent-bond-examples.html
    - - https://chemistry.tutorvista.com/inorganic-chemistry/covalent-bond-examples.html
    - - https://chem.libretexts.org/Textbook_Maps/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Metallic_Bonding
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  - - - https://www.wikihow.com/Name-Ionic-Compounds
    - - https://www.wikihow.com/Name-Ionic-Compounds
  - - - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URc75hoKGLY
  - - - Step 1:
        Because the chlorate ion has a charge of -1, this ion contains one more electron than a neutral ClO3 molecule. Thus, the ClO3- ion has a total of 26 valence electrons.
        
        Step 2:
        The second step in this process involves deciding which atoms in the molecule are connected by covalent bonds. The formula of the compound often provides a hint as to the skeleton structure. The formula for the chlorate ion, for example, suggests the following skeleton structure.
        
        Step 3: There are three covalent bonds in the most reasonable skeleton structure for the chlorate ion. As a result, six of the 26 valence electrons must be used as bonding electrons. This leaves 20 nonbonding electrons in the valence shell.
        
        Step 4: Each oxygen atom in the ClO3- ion already has two electrons the electrons in the Cl-O covalent bond. Because each oxygen atom needs six nonbonding electrons to satisfy its octet, it takes 18 nonbonding electrons to satisfy the three oxygen atoms. This leaves one pair of nonbonding electrons, which can be used to fill the octet of the central atom.
        
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ZlnzyHahvo
  - - - https://www.toppr.com/guides/chemistry/chemical-bonding-and-molecular-structure/vsepr-theory/
        
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lpmjAmxy3tg
- - - - Molecules- A group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction.
        
        https://chemistry.tutorvista.com/inorganic-chemistry/covalent-bond-examples.html
      - Atoms- Atoms are the basic building blocks of ordinary matter. Atoms can join together to form molecules, which in turn form most of the objects around you. Atoms are composed of particles called protons, electrons and neutrons.
        
        http://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/projects/vss/docs/propulsion/1-what-is-an-atom.html
      - Ions- an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.
        
        https://study.com/academy/lesson/oxidation-number-definition-rules-examples.html
  - - - Ex- Mass, Volume, and Length
    - - Ex- Density, Color, Conductivity, Solubility, and Temperature
        
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m0IH3Hgy3oI
  - - - Ex- color, smell, freezing point, boiling point, melting point, infra-red spectrum,opacity, viscosity and density.
        
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z5L2NOMEWT0
    - - Ex- Heat of combustion, reactivity with water, PH, and electromotive force.
  - - - Ex -Boiling water, Shredding paper, Melting an ice cube, Breaking a bottle, etc.
        
        https://www.tes.com/lessons/sZbmzzkOMt-D-Q/physical-change-vs-chemical-change
    - - Ex- Burning wood, Baking a cake, Digesting food, Rusting of iron, etc.
        
        https://www.thoughtco.com/physical-and-chemical-changes-examples-608338
  - - - Elements- A pure substance that has only one kind of atom and cannot be broken into two or more simpler substances by physical or chemical means is an element.
        
        Metals- Metals are the elements that readily lose an electron to form a positive ion or a cation. Example: Gold, silver, copper, iron, potassium etc
        
        Metalloids- The elements which have intermediate properties between those of metals and non-metals are called metalloids. They are amphoteric in nature. Metalloids react both with acids and bases. Examples include boron, silicon, and germanium.
        
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QdajjpfwZEM
        
        Non-Metals- Non – metals are those elements that readily gain an electron(s) to form a negative ion or anion. Examples include Hydrogen, Oxygen, Iodine etc.
      - Compounds- A pure substance, basically composed of two or more elements and chemically combined in a fixed proportion is called a compound.
        
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PKA4CZwbZWU
      - https://www.toppr.com/guides/chemistry/is-matter-around-us-pure/what-are-the-types-of-pure-substances/
    - - Heterogeneous Mixtures- A mixture of two or more chemical substances (elements or compounds), where the different components can be visually distinguished and easily separated by physical means.
        
        Ex- Mixtures of sand and water, water and oil, a salad, trail mix, etc.
        
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=msSclkLW4Lk
      - Homogenous Mixtures- A mixture of two or more chemical substances (elements or compounds), where the different components cannot be visually distinguished.
        
        Ex- Water, Sugar Water, Vinegar, Blood, etc.