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Eye and Endocrine System Leah Portuguez Period 1 (Names of the Hormones…
Eye and Endocrine System Leah Portuguez Period 1
Major Structures and Functions of the Eye
Optic Nerve-
controls movement and passes images to the brain
Pupil-
hole in the iris that allows light to enter
Choroid-
blood supply and nutrients to the eye
Iris-
controls amount of light that enters the eye through the pupil
Sclera-
white of the eye
Lens-
focuses images
Cornea-
clear covering on the eye
Retina-
thin layer of tissue that lines the back of the eye on the inside. The purpose of the retina is to receive light that the lens has focused, convert the light into neural signals, and send these signals on to the brain for visual recognition
Cilliary Muscle-
accommodates the lens
Lacrimal Fluid-
a watery physiologic saline, with a plasmalike consistency, but also contains the bacteriocidal enzyme lysozyme; it moistens the conjunctiva and cornea, providing nutrients and dissolved O2 to the cornea
Major Functions of the Endocrine System
The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones, chemical substances produced in the body that regulate the activity of cells or organs.These hormones regulate the body's growth, metabolism, and sexual development and function
Major Glands/Organs and their Functions
Parathyroid Glands-
two pairs of small glands embedded in the surface of the thyroid gland, one pair on each side. They release parathyroid hormone, which plays a role in regulating calcium levels in the blood and bone metabolism.
Adrenal Glands
is divided into two parts: Inner AKA Adrenal Medulla and Outer AKA Adrenal Cortex
Adrenal Medulla
: produces hormones called catecholamines. These hormones help the body cope with physical and emotional stress by increasing the heart rate and blood pressure.
Adrenal Cortex
produces hormones called corticosteroids, which regulate the body's metabolism, the balance of salt and water in the body, the immune system, and sexual function
Thyroid Gland-
produces thyroid hormones that regulate the body's metabolism. It also plays a role in bone growth and development of the brain and nervous system in children. Thyroid hormones also help maintain normal blood pressure, heart rate, digestion, muscle tone, and reproductive functions.
Pineal Body-
secretes a hormone called melatonin, which may help regulate the wake-sleep cycle of the body
Pituitary Gland-
often considered the most important part of the endocrine system because it produces hormones that control many functions of other endocrine glands; divided into two parts
Anterior
produces: Growth Hormone, Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Prolactin
Posterior
produces: Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) and Oxytocin
Reproductive Glands-
are the main source of sex hormones.
In Testes-
secrete hormones called androgens; the most important of which is testosterone. These hormones affect many male characteristics as well as sperm production.
In Ovaries-
located on both sides of the uterus, produce estrogen and progesterone as well as eggs. These hormones control the development of female characteristics, and they are also involved in reproductive functions.
Hypothalamus
- regulates satiety, metabolism, and body temperature. In addition, it secretes hormones that stimulate or suppress the release of hormones in the pituitary gland
Pancreas-
the exocrine pancreas, secretes digestive enzymes. The other part of the pancreas, the endocrine pancreas, secretes hormones called insulin and glucagon. These hormones regulate the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood.
Diseases
Associated with the Endocrine System
Dwarfism-
caused by a lack of HGH before puberty.
Giantism-
too much HGH is secreted before puberty.
Diabetes Mellitus-
a condition with under-secretion of insulin, causing the cells to loose their permeability to glucose preventing them from getting sugar needed for energy. Sugar remains in the blood and often the body will try and remove this leading to a high sugar content in the urine, causing polyuria and polydipsia.
Addison’s disease-
primary adrenal insufficiency. Adrenal insufficiency develops when your adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormone cortisol. This can be due to a problem within the adrenals or due to a problem with the signal the brain sends to the adrenals instructing them to make cortisol.
Hypothyroidism-
condition in which the thyroid gland is not able to produce enough thyroid hormone; people with this condition will have symptoms associated with a slow metabolism.
Type 1 diabetes-
a lack of the hormone insulin. If you have type 1 diabetes, then your body doesn’t produce enough insulin to handle the glucose in your body.
Graves’ disease-
autoimmune problem that causes the thyroid gland to produce too much thyroid hormone, which is called hyperthyroidism; often the underlying cause of hyperthyroidism.
Names of the Hormones Produced and Their Target Organs Along with Functions
ADH (Antidiuretic hormone)-
stimulates the smooth muscles, blood vessels and the intestine. ADH increases the kidney's permeability to water allowing the body to re-absorb water that would otherwise escape in urine.
FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone)-
stimulates female egg production or male sperm production.
Thyroxine-
contains iodine which is essential for the body's normal growth, and metabolism. Thyroxine helps control body size, regulating not only the growth of tissues but also the differentiation or specialisation of tissues.
LH (Luteinzing hormone)-
works in conjunction with FSH in females to cause ovulation and prepares the uterus for pregnancy, in males the testes to secrete testosterone.
PRL (Prolactin)-
in females causes the corpus luteum the area around the mature follicle to produce two important hormones: Oestrogen and Progesterone.
OT (Oxytocin)-
stimulates the smooth muscles of the uterus during pregnancy, causing it to contract during labour. It also stimulates the lacteals (milk ducts) in the breast.
TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone)-
influences the structure of the thyroid and causes it to secrete thyroid hormone.
Calcitonin-
causes a decrease in the concentration of calcium in the blood. Calcitonin works with secretions from the parathyroid glands to maintain the balance of calcium necessary for the body to function.
hGH (Human growth hormone)-
also known as somatotrophic hormone is responsible for the growth of long bones, muscles and viscera.
Triiodothyronine-
has similar functions to thyroxine.
ACTH (Adrenocorticotrophic hormone)-
stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete its hormones.
Parathyroid hormone-
increases the blood concentrations of calcium and phosphorous, working to balance the Calcitonin which is secreted by the thyroid to maintain the body's balance of calcium.
Glucagon-
increases the blood glucose level by stimulating the liver causing convert Glycogen into Glucose (sugar).
Insulin-
increases the cells permeability to glucose, which the cells use for energy. By promoting the utilisation of glucose by the tissue cells, insulin causes a decrease in the concentration of glucose in the blood. Insulin also promotes the storage of glycogen in the liver.
Mineralocorticoids-
produced by the outer layer of the adrenal cortex, the most important of which is aldosterone. Aldosterone promotes the retention of sodium (Na+) and the excretion of potassium (K+). This helps to maintain both the electrolyte and water content of the body.
Gonadal hormones-
produced by the inner cortex, there are roughly even amounts of two types of hormones secreted: Androgen (male) and Estrogen (female). The adrenal gland is not the only gland to secrete sex hormones.
Glucocorticoids-
produced by the middle cortex. These affect almost every cell in the body regulating the metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. Cortisone is one such glucocorticoid.