Muscular System,
Elena Trinh, Period 2

organizational levels of the skeletal muscle (largest to smallest)

major functions of the muscular system

types of muscle tissues

disorders associated with the
muscular system

the sliding filament theory

body movement terminology

names of muscles

Step 6: troponin & tropomyosin are found on actin filaments & ADP+Pi is bound to the myosin heads

Step 7: when calcium binds to troponin, the troponin shifts positions & pulls the tropomyosin molecule aside

Step 5: calcium travels to bond to the molecules of troponin

Step 8: the myosin head binds to the myosin binding on the actin, which forms a cross bridge

Step 4: calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum as the action potential passes through the T tubules

Step 9: when the myosin binds, Pi & ADP are released

Step 3: the electrical signal travels along the muscle fibers, plasma membrane, & in the T tubules

Step 12: after the action potential ceases, the sarcoplasmic reticulum pumps the calcium it released back into its laterior & the cycles begins again from Step 1

Step 2: at the neuromuscular junction: acetylcholine is released

Step 10: the power stroke is when Pi is released, causing the myosin heads to pivot, forcing the actin & myosin to slide past each other

Step 1: contraction is triggered when an action potential in somatic motor neuron reaches the neuromuscular junction

Step 11: when ATP binds to the myosin head, the myosin heads release the actin filament & the ATP turns into ATP & Pi

anterior

posterior

arm

head

abdomen

leg

frontalis

orbicularis oculi

masseter

zygomaticus

temporalis

orbicaluaris oris

neck

trapezius

sternocleidomastoid

deltoid

triceps brachii

biceps brachii

brachioradialis

flexor carpi radialis

palmaris longus

rectus abdominus

serratus anterior

pectoralis major

external oblique

tensor fascia lata

sartorius

rectus femoris

gracilis

iliopsoas

fibularis longus

gastrocnemius

tibialis anterior

exttensor digitorum longus

arm

back

neck

legs

head

epicranius

sternocleidomastoid

trapezius

infraspinatus

triceps brachii

deltoid

brachioradialis

extensor carpi radialis longus

extensor digitorum

flexor carpi ulnaris

extensor carpi ulnarius

latissimus dorsi

gluteus medius

biceps femoris

hamstrings

ilio tibial tract

adductor magnus

gracilis

gastrocnemius

fibularis longus

calcaneal tendon

gluteus maximus

muscle

fasicicle

muscle fiber

myofibril

sarcomere

myofilament

cardiac

smooth

skeletal

function: moves the body

characteristics: found in organs that attach to & cover the skeleton; skeletal, striated, voluntary

function: to pump blood throughout the body

characteristics: only found in the heart;
cardiac, striated, involuntary

function: determines the flow of blood in the arteries & moves food through the digestive tract

characteristics: found in the walls of hollow visceral organs;
visceral, nonstriated, involuntary

to maintain posture & body position

to stabilize joints

to produce movement

to generate heat

ruptured calcaneal tendon: gap may be seen just above the heel

shin splits: pain inflammation of muscles, tendons, & connective tissues surrounding the tibia

charley horse: painful muscle spasm

tennis elbow: overuse of the tendon of origin from the elbow

strain: a pulled muscle

torticollis: neck state is rotated to one side defaultly

tetanus: state of sustained contraction of a muscle

myotonic dystrophy: symptons include reduction of muscle mass & loss of control of the skeletal muscle

hernia: protrusion of an organ through its body cavity wall

dorsiflexion & plantar

inversion & eversion

supination & pronation

protraction & retraction

rotation

elevation & depression

angular

opposition

gliding

one flat bone surface glides over another similar surface (wrist, ankle)

movement of the thumb

elevation: lifting body superiorly (shrugging shoulders)

depression: lowering body part (shrugging shoulders)

protraction: mandible juts out

retraction: mandible is pulled toward neck

sole of foot faces medially

eversion: sole of foot faces laterally

dorsiflexion: bending foot toward shin

plantar flexion: pointing toes

supination: palms face anteriorly

pronation: palms face posteriorly

medial: rotation toward midline

lateral: rotation away from midline

abduction: movement along frontal plane away from midline (raising arms out to the sides)

adduction: movement along frontal plane toward midline (lowering arms)

hyperextension: movement beyong anatomical position (bending backwards)

circumduction: (moving arms in circular motion)

extension: increases angle of the joint (straightening of a joint)

flexion: decreases angle of the joint (bending elbow, clenching fist)