Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Bone (required for (Structural support, Stabilizing organs, Muscle…
Bone
required for
Structural support
Stabilizing organs
Muscle attachment
Food chewing
Is measured by
Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry
Measurement
Bone density in different areas of body
Body scan
Procedure
Non-invasive, painless, quick
Results
Generates a T score indicator
Provides value representing true bone density
Ultrasound
Procedure
Non-invasive, quick, painless
Not diagnostic - only a screening tool
Measurement
Bone density through the heel
Peripheral Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry
Measures bone density in
Heel
Wrist
Finger
Procedure is
Non-invasive, quick, painless
Not diagnostic - only a screening tool
Composed of
Trabecular Bone
Cortical Bone
Inorganic mineral crystals (65%)
Help to
Provide strength and rigidity
Consisting of
Hydroxyapatite
More densely packed hydroxyapatite crystals = stronger bone
Organic matter (35%)
consisting of
Nerves
Protein matrix (collagen)
Cartilage and connective tissue
Biological factors
Genetics
#
Hormones
Calcitrol
#
at low blood calcium
Acts on osteoclasts cells in blood to raise blood calcium
Action sites
Intestine
Increases calcium absorption
Bone
Activates osteoclasts to release calcium from bone into blood
Kidneys
Decreases calcium excretion
increase absorption/retention of calcium in the body
Parathyroid
at low blood calcium
Activates Vitamin D to form calcitrol in kidney
Thyroid
at high blood calcium
Secretes calcitonin
causes a
Decrease action of osteoclasts
Reduction in the amount of calcium moving from bone to blood
Nutrient intake factors
Vitamins and Minerals
Vitamin D
#
Food Source
Animal
fish & fish oils
liver
egg yolk
fortified foods
fortified milk
margarine
orange juice
yogurt
Supplement
types
tablet
softgels
liquid
forms
D2
D3
doses
adult 10 μg
Toxicity :red_flag:
caused by
Supplement use
Food intake
Solar exposure
results in
Hypercalcemia
consequences
Irreversible damage to organs
Deficiency :warning:
Osteomalacia disease
causes
Weakness with increasing pain in lower back and legs
Rickets disease
causes
Poor shaping of bones
Poor mineralization
Malformed ribs
Role
Immune function
Regulates bone metabolism
Regulate blood calcium
Required for
Skin
Nervous System
Muscles
Reproduction
Synthesis
Endogenous sources
Skin
Age
Pollution
Latitude
Time of day
Exogenous sources
Vitamin D must be pro-active form
Vitamin D must be hydroxylated in liver
Phosphorus
#
Roles
Aids in bone formation and maintenance
Maintains fluid balance
Acts as a blood buffer
Aids in enzyme reaction
element for
DNA
RNA
ATP
Phospholipid
Lipoprotein
Deficiency :warning:
Neuromuscular malfunctioning
Skeletal malfunctioning
Hematological malfunctioning
Renal malfunctioning
Toxicity :red_flag:
none
Food sources
Poultry
Milk and milk products
Legumes
Cereal
Bran
Nuts
Soft Drink
Meat
Fish
Magnesium
Roles
Bone and teeth
Required when calcium regulates hormones for vitamin D and PTH
Required for mineral crystal structure in bone
Prevents dental caries
Blood and tissue
Help stabilize high energy phosphate bonds (ATP)
Required as a cofactor in enzyme systems
Required for neurotransmitter activity
Inhibits blood clotting
Hypertension
Acts as a vasodilator
Deficiency :warning:
loss due to
Heavy perspiration over a long time
Prolonged vomiting and/or diarrhea
Prolonged use of diuretics
kidney disease
Alcoholism
symptoms
Irregular heart beat
Loss of appetite
Weakness
Disorientation
Hypertension
Tetany
Toxicity :red_flag:
pharmacologic dose
Diarrhea
Abdominal cramps
Symptoms similar to Mg deficiency
Food source
Plants
Whole grain
Nuts
Seeds
Tofu
Legumes
Peanuts
Milk
Milk products
spinach
beet greens
avocado
leafy green vegetables
Fluoride
Role
Bone and teeth mineralization
Creates fluorapatite so it is more resistant to decay from acid erosion
Protect against dental caries
Deficiency :warning:
low fluoride in water causes
Increased risk of dental caries
Toxicity :red_flag:
Fluorosis
White specks
Mottling
Brown streaks on teeth
In Skeleton
May lead to osteoporosis
Factors affecting risk
Age/gender/hormones
Genetics/Race
Physical activity levels
Body weight
Smoking and alcohol
Calcium nutrition
Pain in joints
Food source
Brewed tea
Water
Seafood
Seaweed
Shellfish
Fish
Non-food source
Chewing gum
Mouth wash
Toothpaste
Intake effectiveness
Week 20 of pregnancy --> baby teeth form under gums
First 3-4 years of your life --> permanent teeth form under gums
8-10 years of age --> wisdom teeth form under gums
Calcium
#
#
#
#
#
Roles
Bone formation and maintenance
Nerve transmission
Muscle contraction
Blood clotting
Hypertension
Colon cancer
Weight loss
Deficiency :warning:
Caused by
Age/Gender/Hormones
Genetic/Race
physical activity
Body weight
smoking and alcohol
Calcium nutrition and associated nutrients
Health conditions
Osteoporosis
Causes
Increased risk of fractures
Decreased bone density
Increased bone fragility
mainly affects women over the age of 50
Toxicity :red_flag:
causes
hyperparathyroidism
Food source
Supplement
type
chewable
liquid
Effervescent
tablet
form
carbonate
citrate
lactate
phosphate
dose
maximum 500mg Calcium/dose
milk and milk products
Skim milk
Yogurt
Cheese
fortified soy/plant-based beverage
calcium-fortified orange juice
Green leafy vegetables
Tofu
Calcium-fortified bars
Fish/Meat bone cooked in acidic water
Hard water
Absorption
Increases when...
More acidic
More estrogen = more vitamin D for absorption
Decreases when...
Low levels of estrogen
Less acidic stomach
Vitamin D deficiency
Vitamin K
Role
Synthesize osteocalcin for bone formation
Production of fibrin for blood clotting
Prevent hemorrhaging for infants
Deficiency :warning:
infants
Low level at birth
Low level in breast milk
Low level in gut bacteria synthesis
adults
Antibody use
Fat malabsorption disorders
Toxicity :!:
Hinders the effects of anti-coagulant drugs
such as
Warfarin
Symptoms
RBC hemolysis
Jaundice
Brain damage
Food source
green leafy vegetables
Kale
Spinach
Liver
Eggs
Milk
Peas
Broccoli
Green beans
Non-food source
bacterial synthesis in large intestine
Résistant to losses during cooking
Environmental Factors
Vitamin D increases absorption of phosphorus
Calcium absorption is increased with more Vitamin D present. It decreases when there is less.
Both minerals taken during youth help increase the crystal strength of bones
99% present in bone and teeth as
85% present in bone and teeth as
Calcium enhances absorption of
Active Hormonal form of
Plays large role in risk profile for