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Motivation concepts (Contemporary Theories of Motivation (Locke’s Goal…

- - - - Major Implications for work rewards:
        
        Intrinsic and extrinsic rewards are not independent
        
        Extrinsic rewards decrease intrinsic rewards
        
        Pay should be non-contingent on performance
        
        Verbal rewards increase intrinsic motivation; tangible
        
        rewards reduce it
      - Job engagement: the investment of employees' physical, cognitive and emotional energies into job performance
  - - - Focus and direct attention
      - Energize the person to work harder
      - Difficulty increases persistence
      - Force people to be more effective and efficient
    - - Goal commitment (the more public the better!)
      - Task characteristics (simple, well-learned)
      - Culture (best match is in North America, UK, Ireland)
  - - - enactive mastery:
        
        Most important source of efficacy
        
        Gaining relevant experience with task or job
        
        “Practice makes perfect”
      - vicarious modelling:
        
        Increasing confidence by watching others perform the task
        
        Most effective when observer sees the model to be similar to him- or herself
      - verbal persuasion:
        
        Motivation through verbal conviction
        
        Pygmalion and Galatea effects - self-fulfilling prophecies
      - arousal:
        
        Getting “psyched up” – emotionally aroused – to complete task
        
        Can hurt performance if emotion is not a component of the task
  - - - distributive justice: fairness of outcome e.g pay rise
      - Procedural justice: fairness of process used to determine outcome
      - Informational justice: provided truthful explanations for decisions e.g manager fully explain reason why no rise
      - Interpersonal justice: treated with dignity and respect
    - - When ratios are equal: state of equity exists – there is no tension as the situation is considered fair
      - When ratios are unequal: tension exists due to unfairness
        
        Under-rewarded states cause anger
        
        Over-rewarded states cause guilt
      - Tension motivates people to act to bring their situation into equity
- - - - Hygiene: company policies, salary, work condition
      - Motivators: growth, responsibility, achievement