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Reigns of Edward VI and Mary I (Into Power/Out of Power (Edward's…
Reigns of
Edward VI
and
Mary I
Religion
Mary I = Catholic
Reinstate traditional catholic doctrines
First Act of Repeal passed in October
1553
Got rid of all religious legislation passed during Edwards era
Doctrine of the Church of England was restored to how it was at the end of Henry VIII death
Second Act of Repeal passed in Jan
1555
abolished all doctrinal legislation passed since
1529
1534
act of succession
Reinstated the pope as head of the church
didn't mean the reversal of church land and property - too complex
Emphasised placed on better training and supervision for priests
Executions took place in
1555
Edward IV = Protestant
Somerset
Somerset personally had sympathy with key protestant ideas, as Lord Protector however, recognised the sensitivity in making these changes and took a moderate and sensitive approach
The reform faction was in control in the government but English Bishops were split on whether to support religious changes
Relaxation of press censorship led to a massive increase in anti-catholic writings
Measures were introduced that undid the six articles act
In November 1547 Parliament met - legislation only underlined what was already happening. The Treason Act repealed the Six Articles Act.
The Chantries Act abolished the chantiries - logical step after dissolution of the monasteries.
Main function of chantries : pray for the souls of the death (catholic practice)
Done more to raise funds for the War against Scotland than for religious reasons
As soon as the news hit that Henry was dead, exiled Protestants began returning - their radical demands caused frequent clashes with the local community
Northumberland
Treason Act (1552) - Became an offence to question the Royal Supremacy or any beliefs of the English Church
The Second Act of Uniformity (1552) - Became an offence for both clergy and laity not to attend Church of England services. Offenders were to be fined or imprisonment
The 1552 Prayer Book removed all traces of Catholicism and the mass. The significance of the Eucharist (now referred to as the Last Supper) was reduced, with more emphasis on it being a commemorative ceremony
Attacked church wealth
Government
Edward IV = Not very Involved (Northumberland and Protector Somerset)
Protector Somerset was in control of the government (one behalf of Edward) through the years
1547
-
49
He guaranteed his position as an important member in the council through his sister Jane giving birth to Edward
Following Henry's death he took charge of the Regency Council and gained the titles of Duke of Somerset and Lord Protector.
He had support in the council who wanted moderate religious reforms and wanted to block those who opposed this belief
Launched a logical policy which helped stall time - a full scale enquiry into the state of the Church of England
Northumberland was a ruthless opportunist
Mary I = Achieved quite a lot (although most of its not recognised)
Role of the Privy council became more established with committees used to deal with specialised issues (war against France)
Foreign Policy
Mary I = Not much ambition
Philip wanted Mary's help against France in the final struggle between the Spanish Hapsburg and the French Valois monarchy
Put English foreign policy back on the traditional anti-French footing
Declared war on France in June
1557
and sent troops across the channel to support her husband
Together they won in the battle of Saint-Quentin but Spain was too financially exhausted to follow this up
Within a year France had recovered and seized Calais from the English (blow to national pride)
For Mary it was an example on how Spain had used England
The Spanish Wedding
1558
Militia Act laid down a system of commissioners of Muster with responsibility for organising the recruitment of regional militants in wartime
The arms act of the same year established better procedures for supplying weapons to the royal forces
Edward IV = Divided into two eras, more war when Somerset was in charge
Somerset
Somerset had to deal with the twin threats of both Scotland and France
Somerset originally hoped to isolate Scotland through an alliance with France but the French King Francis I, died in 1547 and the new King, Henry II was keen to assert himself. He renewed the Anglo-Scottish alliance and sent a fleet of warships with 4,000 troops to Scotland
In consequence, Somerset had to intervene in Scotland. He did so with a joint land and naval invasion. He used Berwick as a based and invaded with 16,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry
The Scottish Army was large but poorly equipped compared with the English cannons and calvary
Scots defeated at the Battle of Pinkie
Gave Somerset control of all the border region, but success was limited as the English army was not strong enough to occupy the whole of Scotland
Troops continuously arrived. Mary Queen of Scots (heir to Scottish Throne) moved to France with the intention to marry the French Heir - Francis II
Somerset was bound by Henry's will which wanted a marriage between Edward IV and Mary Queen of Scots (not wanted in Scotland)
Costly Foreign Policy £600,000
Only cemented links between France & Scotland
Northumberland
Willing to sacrifice Scotland to concentrate on internal problems
Future relationship with France is imprortant against Spain and Holy Roman Empire
Counter-Reformation starting in Europe (catholic seeking to win back the land taken by protestants)
Peace Treaty signed with France in 1550 - The Treaty of Boulogne (represented English defeat)
Boulogne had to be given back to France, English had to remove ramianign garrisions from Scotland, boarders had to be restored as they were before Henry VIII scottish campaign
Into Power/Out of Power
Mary I Length of Reign =
1553
-
58
Edward IV Length of Reign =
1547
-
1553
Edward's childhood was the best in the country
Born in October
1537
Became King aged 9
He was very clever, particularly at languages and theology - impressed everyone with his learning
Mary's childhood started well but went downhill quickly
Succession Crisis of
1553
1944 Succession Act following Edward's heir was Mary who was a catholic and if she took over the policies which Cumberland implemented
Lady Jane Grey ended up ruling for 9 days before Mary was crowned Queen
Northumberland tried to alter the succession based on 2 facts: Mary had been made illegitimate when Henry divorced Catherine and Henry's will had directed the succession towards his children but didn't rule out the heirs of his sister
Mary close to Charles V
Economy
Mary I = Attempts at reform
Efforts made to make revenue collection more efficient by transferring more responsibility to the Exchequer (started by Northumberland in
1552
by setting up royal commission
A new book of rates was introduced - May
1558
- to improve crown income from custom duties
Plans drawn up to revalue the currency after the great debasement of the
1540s
Edward IV = Not much achieved
Northumberland
Following Somersets foregin policy, government was in a lot of debt
Debasement encouraged inflation so coins were recalled and dished out how they had been in
1527
More crown lands sold off and the government increased revenue by raising customs and excise rates
Somerset
Wanted to undo enclosure and ordered a commission which the lower classes accepted with real belief enclosure would be ended
Well meaning policy but led to frustration and fury among both rich and poor
Major economic problem was Inflation
Rising populations = more pressure on agriculture & wages were failing to keep pace with rising prices
Population continuously rose, high inflation and poor harvests, cloth trade with the Netherlands was suffering problems (sudden drop of exports in 1551) which lead to unemployment
Rebellions
Edward IV = Two major rebellions
Western Rebellion
Why did It Occur?
Government sent out agents to check out the Church and the progress towards limited reform from 1547 - signs of resistance
Concerns of gentry families gaining church lands after the dissolution for their own use
Inflation, population increase, changes in land use for sheep farming
1549
Kett's Rebellion
Causes
Widespread economic and social problems resulting from poor harvests and rapid price rises and that the thought that government ministers were benefitting from the lack of strong king
Norfolk,
1549
Demands
Dismissing inadequate clergy and those who were non-resident
Rebels were supporters of protestantism and of church reform - not main motive
Mary I = One major rebellion (excluding her own to become queen)
Wyatt's Rebellion, February
1554
Protestant rebellion against Mary
Didn't like her marriage to Philip the prince of Spain
Four rebellions to occur which would make it too hard for Mary to deal with
Three out of the four failed to materialise
Wyatt was able to gather 3,000 men and marched them into London but failed to get Londoner to support him and the rebellion was over within a week
Catherine was a strict catholic which was how she raised Mary