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Beatrice Mwachugu Heart,blood and blood vessels (Heart (Microscopic…

- - - - 90% water, straw colored with different types of ions, waste , nutrients etc.
      - 3 types of plasma proteins
        
        Albumin
        
        Helps keep water from diffusing out of blood stream.
        
        Globulins
        
        Include both antibodies and proteins.transport lipids, irons and copper
        
        Fibrinogen
        
        involved in chemical reactions that achieves blood clotting.
    - - Erythocytes
        
        Biconcave disc shaped to increase surface area for the absorption of O2
        
        Have 97% haemoglobin
        
        Efficient O2 transporters because they lack mitochondrion and generate their own energy
      - Leukocytes
        
        Granulocytes
        
        Contain many granules
        
        Eosinophils
        
        Double lobed nucleus
        
        Kills parasites and turns off allergic responses
        
        Basophils
        
        Bilobed nucleus
        
        Granules secrete histamine as mediators for inflmation
        
        Neutrophils
        
        Many lobes
        
        Destroys bacteria
        
        Agranulocytes
        
        do not contain granules
        
        2 types of agranulocytes
        
        Monocyte
        
        U shaped nucleus
        
        ingest foreign cells, molecules and debris in a process called phagocytosis
        
        Lymphocyte
        
        Spherical nucleus
        
        Fight antigens to protect the body
      - Platelets/Thrombocytes
        
        Form clots to stop bleeding
- - - - Elastic arteries
        
        Largest arteries with a large lumen
        
        large lumen allows low resistance conduits for conducting blood
      - Muscular arteries
        
        Tunica media is thick
      - Arterioles
        
        Smallest arteries that lead to capillaries
        
        Constrict and dilate to control blood flow from arteries to capilaries
  - - - Continuous
        
        least permeable, mostly found on skin, CN
        
        Tight junctions block passage of molecules
      - Sinusoid
        
        Most permeable and leaky capilaries
        
        found in the spleen,liver and bone marrow
      - Fenestrated
        
        Has tight junctions and large pores which increase permeability
        
        Found on the small interstines, kidney, endocrine glands etc
  - - - Venules
        
        Smallest veins
        
        Post capillary venules
        
        Smallestvenules
- - - - Outer layer of DCT.Holds the heart into place and keeps it from overfilling with blood
    - - Parietal layer
        
        Adheres to the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium
      - Visceral layer
        
        Continuous layer.
      - Parietal cavity
        
        Space filled with pericardial fluid that reduces friction between heart beating.
  - - - It is the outermost layer that is covered by fat especially older people
    - - Cardiac muscle tissue that are spiral to squeeze blood through the heart
    - - Deep to the myocardium.line the hear chambers and covers heart valves
  - - - Allows cardiac muscle cells to contact in a wavelike pattern.
    - - Allow transmition of of action potential within cells
    - - Binds adjacent cells together and transmits force
    - - Surrounded by lots of mitochondrion which makes ATP making the heart resistant to fatigue
  - - - Tricuspid valve
        
        Has three cusps
      - Bicuspid valve
        
        Has two cusps
    - - Aortic semilunar valve
      - Pulmonary semilunar valve
      - Have three cusps that are shaped like a crescent moon. Located at great arteries and ventricles
  - - - Delays signals as the ventricles fill with blood
    - - Divides the left and right bundle branches
    - - Sets the pace for your heart rate.located in the right atrium
      - Generates electrical signals
    - - Terminate the subendocardial conducing network