The Cell

Prokaryotic Cell Organelles

Cell Membrane - The barrier of the cell; made up of phosolipid bi-layer.

Nucleus - control center of the cell; contains DNA; surrounded by a double membrane; usually one per cell.

Cytoskeleton - acts as the skeleton/muscle of cell; provides shape and structure; helps organelles move around in cell.

Ribosomes - makes proteins; found attached to the rough ER or floating free in cytosol; made in part of the nucleus called the nucleolus.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Rough ER - studded with ribosomes; makes proteins

Smooth ER - makes lipids and hormones.

Golgi Apparatus - stores, modifies, and packages proteins. Molecules are transported to and from Golgi by means of vesicles.

Mitochondria - powerhouse of the cell; has it's own DNA; creates energy for the cell to function.

Vacuoles - storage containers for food, waste, ENZYMES, pigments,etc.

Lysosomes - garbage disposal of the cell; has digestive enzymes that breaks down damaged organelles, food particles, or viruses/bacteria.

Cellular Transport

Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis

Light Independent Reaction/Calvin Cycle

Light Dependent Reaction

Step 3: Light hits photo-system 1 which energizes the electrons which turns NADP+ into NADPH.

Step 4: Hydrogen travels through the ATP synthase which generates ATP.

Step 2: Electrons power the hydrogen pump which bring hydrogen from the stroma into the inside of the thylakoid.

Step 1: Light splits the H20 which releases electrons.

Facts : occurs in the stroma and occurs with or without light.

Step 1 : CO2 and RuBP combine to form a unstable 6 carbon chain.

Step 3 : ATP and NADPH energizes PGA into G3P.

Step 2 : Unstable 6 carbon chain breaks into 2, 3 carbon chains called PGA.

5 Thylakoid = 1 Granum

Stroma is the fluid inside of the chloroplasts.

Step 4 : Glucose is made from G3P and RuBP is recycled.

Passive Transport : cell doesn't use energy (hig

Active Transport : the cell uses energy (low to high concentrations)

Facilitate Diffusion - diffusion of specific particles through transport proteins found in the membrane.

Endocytosis - taking bulky material, into a cell; "cell eating"; forms food vacuole and digests food.

Osmosis - diffusion of water from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution. (high to low concentration.)

Diffusion - the movement of molecules from a high concentration area to a low concentration area.

Exocytosis - forces stuff outside of the cell; cell changes shape (using energy).

Protein Pumps - transports proteins using energy.

Transport Proteins select only certain molecules to cross the membrane. They transport large molecules.

Solutions

Hypertonic Solution - when the solution has a higher concentration of solutes and a lower concentration of water than inside the cell. (more solutes than water).

Isotonic Solution - concentration of solute in the solution is equal to the concentration of solutes inside the cell. Water moves = between the cell and outside the cell. ( equal amount of solutes and water.)

Hypotonic Solution - when the solution has a lower concentration of solutes and a higher concentration of water than inside the cell. (more water than solutes).

Krebs Cycle - takes place in the matrix (aerobic: requires oxygen)

Electron Transport Chain - takes place in the inter membrane space/ matrix (aerobic: requires oxygen)

Glycolysis - takes place in the cytoplasm (anaerobic: no oxygen)

creates a total of 2ATP by splitting glucose, turning 2ATP into 2ADP(uses energy to split) and then turning that into pyruvate. (4ADP into 4ATP and 2NAD+ into 2NADH - creates energy)

Matrix : the cytoplasm in the mitochondria

uses multiple hydrogen pumps to pump hydrogen from the matrix to outside the mitochondria to create water and energy. Uses ATP synthase to convert ADP into ATP. (creates around 32 ATP)

takes pyruvate and makes CO2 and Acetyl CoA and from there t it goes to create citric acid which splits into 2CO2 and turns 2NAD+ into 2NADH, ADP into ATP, and FAD+ into FADH2. (overall, creates 2ATP)

The Cell Theory

  1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells
  1. The cell is the basic unit in all living things
  1. All cells are produced by the division of preexisting cells