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Wusun
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Rider burial mound Tenlik (III.-II. B.C.) The Tenlik kurgan is associated with the Wusun.[1]
The Wusun (Chinese: 烏孫; pinyin: Wūsūn; Wade–Giles: Wū-sūn; literally: "grandchildren/descendents of the crow/raven") were an Indo-European semi-nomadic steppe people mentioned in Chinese records from the 2nd century BC to the 5th century AD.

The Wusun originally lived between the Qilian Mountains and Dunhuang (Gansu) near the Yuezhi. Around 176 BC the Yuezhi were raided by the Xiongnu, subsequently attacking the Wusun, killing their king and seizing their land. The Wusun prince was subsequently adopted by the Xiongnu ruler and made a Xiongnu general and leader of the Wusun. After the Yuezhi around 162 BC were driven into the Ili Valley of Zhetysu, Dzungaria and Tian Shan formerly inhabited by the Sai (Scythians), the Wusun resettled Gansu as vassals of the Xiongnu. In 133-132 BC, the Wusun drove the Yuezhi from the Ili Valley and settled the area. They subsequently became close allies of the Han dynasty and a powerful force in the region for several centuries. Pressured by the Rouran, the Wusun are last mentioned by the Chinese as having settled the Pamir Mountains in the 5th century AD. They possibly became subsumed into the later Hephthalites.

Contents [hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Early history
2.2 Migration to the Ili Valley
2.3 Establishing relations with the Han
2.4 The Wusun as Han allies
2.5 Later history
3 Physical appearance
4 Language
5 Economy
6 Social structure
7 Archaeology
8 Connection to Western histography
9 See also
10 References
10.1 Citations
10.2 Sources
Etymology[edit]
Wusun is a modern pronunciation of the Chinese Characters '烏孫'. The Chinese name '烏孫' (Wūsūn) literally means wū ‘crow, raven’ + sūn ‘grandson, descendant’.[2] There are several theories about the origin of the name.[3]

Sinologist Victor H. Mair compared Wusun with Sanskrit áśva ‘horse’, aśvin ‘mare’ and Lithuanian ašvà ‘mare’. The name would thus mean ‘the horse people’. Hence he put forward the hypothesis that the Wusun used a centum-like language within the Indo-European languages. However, the latter hypothesis is not supported by Edwin G. Pulleyblank.[4] Christopher I. Beckwith makes a similliar analysis to Mair, reconstructing Chinese term Wusun to the Old Chinese *âswin, which he compares to the Old Indic aśvin ‘the horsemen’, the name of the Rigvedic twin equestrian gods.[5]

History[edit]
Early history[edit]
The Wusun are first mentioned by Chinese sources as vassals of the Yuezhi living between the Qilian Mountains and Dunhuang (Gansu),[6][7][8][9] although different locations however have been suggested for these toponyms.[10] Beckwith suggests that the Wusun were an eastern remnant of the Indo-Aryans, who had been suddenly pushed to the extremities of the Eurasian Steppe by the Iranian peoples in the 2nd millennium BC.[11]

Migration of the Wusun
Around 210-200 BC, prince Modu Chanyu, a former hostage of the Yuezhi and prince of the Xiongnu, who were also vassals of the Yuezhi,[12] became leader of the Xiongnu and conquered the Mongolian Plain, subjugating several peoples.[13] Around 176 BC Mody Chanyu launched a fierce raid against the Yuezhi.[9] Around 173 BC, the Yuezhi subsequently attacked the Wusun,[9] at that time a small nation,[14] killing their king (Kunmi ‹The template Lang-zh is being considered for merging.› Chinese: 昆彌 or Kunmo ‹The template Lang-zh is being considered for merging.› Chinese: 昆莫) Nandoumi (‹The template Lang-zh is being considered for merging.› Chinese: 難兜靡).[14] According to legend Nandoumi's infant son Liejiaomi was left in the wild. He was miraculously saved from hunger being suckled by a she-wolf, and fed meat by ravens.[15][16][17][18] The Wusun ancestor myth shares striking similarities with those of the Hittites, the Zhou Chinese, the Scythians, the Romans, the Koguryo, Turks, Mongols and Dzungars.[19] Base

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Kamen Rider
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the original series from 1971. For the franchise that this series started, see Kamen Rider Series. For the 1979 series of this name, see Kamen Rider (Skyrider).
Kamen Rider
Kamen rider eurodata.png
A statue of Kamen Rider #1 outside of Bandai corporate headquarters.
Genre Tokusatsu
Created by Shotaro Ishinomori
Starring Hiroshi Fujioka
Takeshi Sasaki
Akiji Kobayashi
Jirō Chiba
Narrated by Shinji Nakae
Opening theme "Let's Go! Rider Kick!" by Hiroshi Fujioka (1–13) and Masato Shimon (14-88) (first)
"Rider Action" by Masato Shimon (89–98) (second)
Ending theme "The Song of Masked Rider" by Masato Shimon (1–71) (first)
"Rider Action" by Masato Shimon (72–88) (second)
"Lonely Masked Rider" by Masato Shimon (89–98) (third)
Composer(s) Shunsuke Kikuchi
Country of origin Japan
No. of episodes 98
Production
Running time 30 minutes
Release
Original network MBS
NET
Original release April 3, 1971 – February 10, 1973
Chronology
Followed by Kamen Rider V3
Kamen Rider (仮面ライダー Kamen Raidā?, Masked Rider) is a tokusatsu superhero television series and weekly science fiction manga created by manga artist Shotaro Ishinomori. It debuted on television on April 3, 1971, and ran until February 10, 1973, airing on the Mainichi Broadcasting System and NET TV (now TV Asahi). The manga adaptation was also featured in Shōnen Magazine around the same period. The series has evolved into a franchise with many subsequent annual iterations. The cultural impact of the series in Japan resulted in astronomer Akimasa Nakamura naming two minor planets in honor of the series: 12408 Fujioka, after actor Hiroshi Fujioka, known for his portrayal of Takeshi Hongo/Kamen Rider 1,[1][2] and 12796 Kamenrider, after the series itself.[1][3]

Contents [hide]
1 Story
2 Manga
3 Main characters
4 Shocker
5 Gel-Shocker
6 Episode list
7 Films
8 S.I.C. Hero Saga
9 Cast
10 Crew
11 Songs
12 Legacy
13 References
14 External links
Story[edit]
The series takes place in a world plagued by Shocker, a mysterious world-wide terrorist organization. To further its plans for world domination, Shocker recruited its agents through kidnapping, turning their victims into mutant cyborgs and, ultimately, brainwashing them. However, one victim named Takeshi Hongo escaped just before the final brainwashing. With his sanity and moral conscience intact, Hongo battled Shocker's minions as the grasshopper-themed altered human (改造人間 kaizō ningen?) superhero Kamen Rider. Another victim of the altered human process, freelance photographer Hayato Ichimonji, became Kamen Rider 2 after Kamen Rider, who renamed himself as "Kamen Rider 1", saved him from Shocker's brainwashing. Assisted by motorcycle race team manager Tobei Tachibana and FBI agent Kazuya Taki, the Kamen Riders fought in both solo and partnered missions against Shocker and its successor organization, Gel-Shocker.

Manga[edit]
Many manga based on the original Kamen Rider series have been published, but only one was penned and drawn by Ishinomori himself. Ishinomori was also the author of one chapter of the Kamen Rider Amazon manga and the entire Kamen Rider Black manga. However, those manga were based on sequels to Kamen Rider, rather than the original series.

The original manga, published in 1971, initially follows a path resembling the first few episodes of the TV series, from basic plot to creature designs. However, when Hongo leaves the story, the series diverge greatly. In the TV show, Hongo travels abroad to fight Shocker in other countries, leaving Japan's protection to Hayato Ichimonji, a freelance cameraman who was experimented on by Shocker but saved by Hongo, becoming the second Kamen Rider. In the manga, Hongo never left Japan. He was confronted with twelve "Shocker Riders" and was subsequently mortally wounded during his battle against them. Hayato Ichimonji, one of the twelve Shocker Riders,

Imusicapella
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Imusicapella Chamber Choir
Also known as Imusicapella
Origin Imus, Cavite, Philippines
Genres Chamber music
Years active 2002–present
Website www.imusicapella.multiply.com
Members Tristan Caliston Ignacio
(Choirmaster, 2002 - present)
Imusicapella Chamber Choir is a world-class chamber choir from the City of Imus, in the province of Cavite, Philippines. Recognized as a promising vocal ensemble in the country, the church-based choir have won different competitions locally and internationally. The group sings at the 7:00 PM mass every second Sunday of the month at Our Lady of the Pillar Cathedral in Imus and at the 7:00 PM mass every third Saturday of the month at the St. Peregrine Chapel in Brgy. Toclong 1-C, Imus.

Formed in 2002, Imusicapella is a non-profit, amateur, and self–supporting choir composed of young professionals and students from Imus and nearby towns of Cavite under the leadership of Tristan Ignacio. They were the recipient of the "General Licerio Topacio Special Award" during the 2006 Parangal ng Bayan ng Imus for being an outstanding group of the municipality. They finished as one of the top semifinalists at the ABS-CBN TV network's talent reality search, Pilipinas Got Talent (Season 1).

Imusicapella has recorded four CDs: You are the Light (2003), Joy to the World (2003), One More Gift (2005), Cantate Domino (2011) and "I'll Make Music" (2015).

Contents [hide]
1 Conductor
2 Awards and Recognition
2.1 National
2.2 International
2.3 Participant
3 References
Conductor[edit]
The conductor of the Imusicapella is Tristan Caliston Ignacio, a young and promising choral conductor who is also its founder. He led the group in winning top prizes in national and international choral competitions. He was the winner of the Conductor's Prize for Outstanding Artistic Performance at the 6th Harmonie Festival 2011 in Lindenholzhausen, Germany, and the "Pro Musica Viva Maria Strecker Daelen Preis" Conductor's Prize for the Best Interpretation of a Contemporary Choral Work at the 10th International Chamber Choir Competition 2007 in Marktoberdorf, Germany.

Caliston Ignacio graduated with a degree of Bachelor of Science in Tourism at the University of Santo Tomas in 2003. He was a member of the Imus Institute Pitch Choir, the De La Salle University-Dasmarinas Chorale, and the University of Santo Tomas Singers.

He was a recipient of the 2009 Gawad Hen. Emilio Aguinaldo, the highest honors given by the province of Cavite, for his outstanding achievements in the field of music, as well as the 2009 Col. Jose S Tagle Award given by the municipality as one of the Most Outstanding Imuseño (Citizen). [1]

He also conducts the Sisters of Mary Boystown Choir in Silang, Cavite and the Department of Energy Chorale in Taguig City. Caliston Ignacio is the Chairman of the 2011 National Music Competitions for Young Artists (NAMCYA) - Youth Choir Category.

He is an affiliate of the International Federation for Choral Music (IFCM) and the American Choral Directors Association (ACDA). He also joined the Philippine Choral Directors Association (PCDA) in 2011.[2] He is also a member of the National Committee on Music (NCMusic), one of the 22 committees of the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA). He has participated in workshops of outstanding international choral conductors such as André Ducrét of Switzerland, Alexander Vaćcek of the Czech Republic and Jonathan Velasco of the Philippines.[3]

Awards and Recognition[edit]
Imusicapella embarked in four international concert tours in 2003, 2005, 2007 and 2011 in the USA, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, France, Spain, Netherlands, Poland and Czech Republic. They participated in several national and international choral competitions and achieved the following:

National[edit]
2013 Ani ng Dangal (Harvest of Honors)
Music Awardee - Imusicapella
2012 Ani ng Dangal (Harvest of Honors)
Music

坝(壩)
5: 板(闆)
6: 办(辦)
7: 帮(幫)
8: 宝(寶)
9: 报(報)
10: 币(幣)
11: 毙(斃)
12: 标(標)
13: 表(錶)
14: 别(彆)
15: 卜(蔔)
16: 补(補)
C
17: 才(纔)
18: 蚕(蠶)
19: 灿(燦)
20: 层(層)
21: 搀(攙)
22: 谗(讒)
23: 馋(饞)
24: 缠(纏)
25: 忏(懺)
26: 偿(償)
2
27:
厂
(
廠
)
28:
彻
(
徹
)
29:
尘
(
塵
)
30:
衬
(
襯
)
31:
称
(
稱
)
32:
惩
(
懲
)
33:
迟
(
遲
)
34:
冲
(
衝
)
35:
丑
(
醜
)
36:
出
(
齣
)
37:
础
(
礎
)
38:
处
(
處
)
39:
触
(
觸
)
40:
辞
(
辭
)
41:
聪
(
聰
)
42:
丛
(
叢
)
D
43:
担
(
擔
)
44:
胆
(
膽
)
45:
导
(
導
)
46:
灯
(
燈
)
47:
邓
(
鄧
)
48:
敌
(
敵
)
49:
籴
(
糴
)
50:
递
(
遞
)
51:
点
(
點
)
52:
淀
(
澱
)
53:
电
(
電
)
54:
冬
(
鼕
)
55:
斗
(
鬥
)
56:
独
(
獨
)
57:
吨
(
噸
)
58:
夺
(
奪
)
59:
堕
(
墮
)
E
3
60:
儿
(
兒
)
F
61:
矾
(
礬
)
62:
范
(
範
)
63:
飞
(
飛
)
64:
坟
(
墳
)
65:
奋
(
奮
)
66:
粪
(
糞
)
67:
凤
(
鳳
)
68:
肤
(
膚
)
69:
妇
(
婦
)
70:
复
(
復
)
71:
复
(
複
)
G
72:
盖
(
蓋
)
73:
干
(
乾
)
74:
干
(
幹
)
75:
赶
(
趕
)
76:
个
(
個
)
77:
巩
(
鞏
)
78:
沟
(
溝
)
79:
构
(
構
)
80:
购
(
購
)
81:
谷
(
榖
)
82:
顾
(
顧
)
83:
刮
(
颳
)
84:
关
(
關
)
85:
观
(
觀
)
86:
柜
(
櫃
)
H
87:
汉
(
漢
)
88:
号
(
號
)
4
89: 合(閤)
90: 轰(轟)
91: 后(後)
92: 胡(鬍)
93: 壶(壺)
94: 沪(滬)
95: 护(護)
96: 划(劃)
97: 怀(懷)
98: 坏(壞)
99: 欢(歡)
100: 环(環)
101: 还(還)
102: 回(迴)
103: 伙(夥)
104: 获(獲)
105: 获(穫)
J
106: a traditional character for 击 could not be output
107: a traditional character for 鸡 could not be output
108: 积(積)
109: 极(極)
110: 际(際)
111: 继(繼)
112: 家(傢)
113: 价(價)
114: 艰(艱)
115: 歼(殲)
116: 茧(繭)
117: 拣(揀)
118: a traditional character for 硷 could not be output
119: 舰(艦)
120: 姜(薑)
121: 浆(漿)
122: 桨(槳)
123: a traditional character for 奖 could not be output
124: 讲(講)
125: a traditional character for 酱 could not be output
5
126: 胶(膠)
127: 阶(階)
128: 疖(癤)
129: 洁(潔)
130: 借(藉)
131: 仅

👁

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Florence Mall (Kentucky)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Coordinates: 38°59′44.97″N 84°39′0.51″W

Florence Mall
Address
2028 Florence Mall
Florence, KY

United States
Opening date 1976
Developer Homart Development Company
Owner General Growth Properties
No. of stores and services 120[1]
No. of anchor tenants 4
Total retail floor area 890,000 sq ft (83,000 m2)[1]
No. of floors 2
Website www.florencemall.com
Florence Mall is an enclosed shopping mall in Florence, Kentucky, United States. The mall, opened in 1976, has around 100 stores, including four anchor stores (JCPenney, Sears and two Macy's stores) as well as a food court. The mall is managed by General Growth Properties of Chicago, Illinois, and is noted for an adjacent water tower which is painted with the phrase "Florence Y'all", which originally read "Florence Mall".

Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Water tower
3 References
4 External links
History[edit]
The Florence Mall opened in 1976 on a site along Interstate 75 just south of Kentucky Route 18. The two-story mall was constructed by Homart Development, a former real estate division of Sears, Roebuck and Company. Sears also served as one of the anchor stores, opening on March 10, 1976.[2] The mall itself opened six months later, with Pogue's serving as the second anchor.[3] Two more anchors — Shillito's and JCPenney — were added in 1977 and 1978, respectively. At the time of opening, the mall featured 87 stores.[3] The mall's opening led to the development of several retail stores in Florence, and as a result, the city became a retail hub for northern Kentucky.[4]

While JCPenney and Sears remained the same throughout the mall's history, the other two anchors would change repeatedly as chains were acquired and merged. The Shillito's chain was merged with Rike's, and all former Shillito's and Rike's stores briefly carried the dual branding of Shillito-Rike's from 1982 until 1986, when the chain was merged into Lazarus. Pogue's was then converted to L.S. Ayres in 1983, which in turn sold its store to Hess's five years later. Also in the mid-1980s, the food court was renovated.[5]

Hess's closed in 1993, and one year later, Lazarus moved its home goods into the former Hess's space. Throughout the 1990s, the mall underwent an $8 million renovation, including the addition of 64 new tenants.[6] In 2003, the mall was sold to General Growth Properties of Chicago, in association with the Teachers' Retirement System of Illinois, although General Growth had managed the property for several years prior.[7] Both Lazarus stores were converted to Lazarus-Macy's in 2003, then to just Macy's in 2005. In addition, the mall's food court was renovated in 2004.[5]

The mall comprises more than 130 tenants on two levels, and is the largest mall in northern Kentucky.[2]

Water tower[edit]
Main article: Florence Y'all Water Tower
Prior to the mall's opening, a water tower with the words "FLORENCE MALL" was built between the mall and Interstate 75. However, this commercial advertisement was considered a violation of federal and state laws - the mall had not even yet opened. As a result, the "M" in "Mall" was partially painted over, converting it to a "Y" and an apostrophe was added, changing the text to "FLORENCE Y'ALL".[8] This inscription was never changed and has become a local landmark.

References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "General Growth Properties: Florence Mall". Retrieved 2011-01-18.
^ Jump up to: a b Wilson, Denise (2001-07-25). "Florence Mall marks 25 years". The Cincinnati Post. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
^ Jump up to: a b Driehaus, Bob (2001-09-22). "Mall led way for regional shopping". The Cincinnati Post. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
Jump up ^ "At 20, Florence Mall is retail king". The Cincinnati Post. 1996-09-18. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mall to update food court". Kentucky Post. 2005-10-14. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
Jump up ^ Friedberg, Mary (1997-05-28).

Spiritualism (beliefs)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about spiritualistic beliefs and practices. For the Anglo-American religious movement that started in the 19th Century, see Spiritualism. For other uses of spiritualism, see Spiritualism (disambiguation).
Spiritualism is a metaphysical belief that the world is made up of at least two fundamental substances, matter and spirit. This very broad metaphysical distinction is further developed into many and various forms by the inclusion of details about what spiritual entities exist such as a soul, the afterlife, spirits of the dead, deities and mediums; as well as details about the nature of the relationship between spirit and matter. It may also refer to the philosophy, doctrine, or religion pertaining to a spiritual aspect of existence.[1]

It is also a term commonly used for various psychic or paranormal practices and beliefs recorded throughout humanity's history[2][3] and in a variety of cultures.[4][5]

Spiritualistic traditions appear deeply rooted in shamanism and perhaps are one of the oldest forms of religion.[citation needed] Mediumship is a modern form of shamanism and such ideas are very much like those developed by Edward Burnett Tylor in his theory of animism,[6] in which there are other parallel worlds to our own, though invisible to us and not accessible to us in our state. A psychic is to be one of the connecting links between these worlds. A psychic is defined as someone endowed with exceptional sensitivity to the occult dimension, who experiences visions and revelations. Some authors have stated only few individuals are said to have this capacity.[7]

Contents [hide]
1 Definition
2 Usage
3 Beliefs
3.1 Modern Spiritualism
3.1.1 National Spiritualist Association of Churches, USA
3.2 Christian Spiritualism
3.3 France Pre-1848
3.4 Native American spiritualism
3.5 The Caribbean
3.6 South America
3.7 India
3.8 Eastern Asia
3.9 China
3.10 Japan
3.11 Pacific islands
3.12 The Antipodes
3.13 Africa
3.14 Islam
4 Spiritualistic activities
5 Gender balance
6 Notable individuals
6.1 Swedenborg
6.2 Allan Kardec
6.3 Edward Burnett Tylor
6.4 Joseph Campbell
6.5 Carl Jung
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Definition[edit]
Spiritualism is the belief that spirits are able to communicate with the living by agency of a medium. The earliest recorded use of the word is 1796[8] and it was used by the prominent 18th-century spiritualist Emanuel Swedenborg. The term "spiritualism" has come to have different meanings. A broad working definition of the term would include the multi-faceted belief in a vital principle within living beings, a supernatural or paranormal, divine, incorporeal being–force, spirit–anima animating bodies etc. Adherents of spiritualistic movements believe that the spirits of the dead survive mortal life, and that sentient beings from spiritual worlds can and do communicate with the living. Since ancient times, this has been an element in traditional indigenous religions.[9] In today's world, it is a growing phenomenon manifesting itself in traditional indigenous religiosity on all continents through non-aligned spiritualistic groups and many syncretistic movements and within elements of orthodox religions by which it is still seen as a challenge.[10]

Many reference works [2] also use the term spiritism to mean the same thing as "spiritualism" but Spiritism is more accurately used to mean Kardecist spiritism. Central to adherents' faith is a belief that spirits of the dead communicate with the living usually through a medium.

The word also takes on specific alternative meanings in various differing fields of academia, see below.

Usage[edit]
Spiritualism is used in English to mean either;

1) (Religion) – the belief that people can and do communicate with dead people and the practices and doctrines of people with this belief.
Main article: Spiritualism
2) (Phi

Live 1975–85
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Live/1975–85
Bruce Springsteen Live 75-85.jpg
Live album by Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band
Released November 10, 1986
Recorded October 18, 1975 – September 30, 1985
Genre Rock
Length 216:13
Label Columbia
Producer Jon Landau, Chuck Plotkin, Bruce Springsteen
Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band chronology
Born in the U.S.A.
(1984) Live/1975–85
(1986) Tunnel of Love
(1987)
Singles from Live/1975–1985
"War"
Released: November 10, 1986
"Fire"
Released: January 1987
"Born to Run"
Released: 1987
Live/1975–85 is a live album by Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band. It consists of 40 tracks recorded at various concerts between 1975 and 1985.

"In November of '85", Springsteen wrote in the liner notes, "Jon Landau sent a four-song cassette of 'Born in the U.S.A.', 'Seeds', 'The River' and 'War' down to my house with a note attached saying he 'thought we might have something here'. Over the following months we listened to 10 years of tapes, the music did the talkin', and this album and its story began to emerge. We hope you have as much fun with it as we did. I'd like to thank Jon for his friendship and perseverance and the E Street Band for 1,001 nights of comradeship and good rockin'. They're all about the best bunch of people you can have at your side when you're goin' on a long drive."

It was released as a box set with either five vinyl records, three cassettes, or three CDs. There was also a record club only release which came on three 8-track cartridges.[citation needed]

Contents [hide]
1 Release and reception
2 Track listing
2.1 Vinyl
2.2 CD
3 Personnel
3.1 The E Street Band
3.2 Additional musicians
3.3 Production
4 Chart positions
5 See also
6 References
Release and reception[edit]
Springsteen's long-awaited and highly anticipated live album generated advance orders of more than 1.5 million copies, making it the largest dollar-volume pre-order in the history of the record business at the time.[1] Record stores around the country found fans waiting in line on Monday morning before opening and one New York store reportedly sold the album right off the back of the delivery truck. The album debuted at #1 on the Billboard album chart, a then-rare occurrence that hadn't happened in ten years since Stevie Wonder's Songs in the Key of Life in 1976. It also became the first five-record set to reach the top 10 and the first to sell over a million copies.

Professional ratings
Review scores
Source Rating
Allmusic 4.5/5 stars link
Chicago Tribune 3/4 stars[2]
Rolling Stone positive link
The Village Voice A–[3]
Not surprising, given Springsteen's reputation as a live performer and the sheer scope of the 40-song set, most reviews were overwhelmingly positive. There were, however, a few critics that felt the album could have been better, citing the omission of several concert highlights such as Springsteen's live rendition of "Prove It All Night" and his rousing cover of John Fogerty's "Who'll Stop the Rain", among others. Another complaint was that some of his many unreleased songs such as "The Fever" were ignored in favor of recent album tracks like "Darlington County".[4][5]

Live/1975–85 is the second-best-selling live album in U.S. history based on RIAA certification. It has been certified by the RIAA for 13x platinum, trailing only Garth Brooks' Double Live. This figure reflects the RIAA practice of counting each disc in a multi-disc set as a separate unit sold; the actual number of copies sold is instead over 4 million. Based on sets sold, Live/1975–85 also trails several others including Eric Clapton's Unplugged (10 million) and Peter Frampton's Frampton Comes Alive! (8 million). The box set's sales performance attracted considerable media attention at the time, first for setting records during the 1986 holiday shopping period, then later for fizzling out in sales in early 1987, leaving many retailers overstocked.

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Arvada, Colorado
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Arvada" redirects here. For other uses, see Arvada (disambiguation).
City of Arvada, Colorado
Home Rule Municipality
Location in Jefferson County and the state of Colorado
Location in Jefferson County and the state of Colorado
City of Arvada, Colorado is located in USA City of Arvada, ColoradoCity of Arvada, Colorado
Location in the United States
Coordinates: 39°50′01″N 105°09′01″WCoordinates: 39°50′01″N 105°09′01″W[1]
Country United States
State Colorado
Counties[2] Jefferson County
Adams County
Settled 1859[3]
Platted December 1, 1870[3]
Incorporated August 24, 1904[3][4]
Named for Hiram Arvada Haskin
Government
• Type Home Rule Municipality[2]
• Mayor Marc Williams[5] (2011- )
• City Manager Mark Deven[6] (2011- )
Area
• Total 35.759 sq mi (92.616 km2)
• Land 35.142 sq mi (91.018 km2)
• Water 0.617 sq mi (1.598 km2)
Elevation 5,344 ft (1,662 m)
Population (2010)[7]
• Total 106,433
• Estimate (2014)[8] 113,574
• Rank US: 242nd
• Density 3,000/sq mi (1,100/km2)
Demonym(s) Arvadan
Time zone MST (UTC-7)
• Summer (DST) MDT (UTC-6)
ZIP codes 80001-80007 and 80403[9]
Area code(s) Both 303 and 720
INCITS place code 0803455
GNIS feature ID 0204709
Highways I-70, I-76, SH 72, SH 93, SH 95, SH 121
Website City of Arvada
Site of the first documented discovery of gold in the Rocky Mountain Region
Seventh most populous city in Colorado
The City of Arvada /ɑːrˈvædə/ is a Home Rule Municipality located in Jefferson and Adams counties, a part of the Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area of the U.S. State of Colorado. The United States Census Bureau estimated the city population at 111,707 residents as of July 1, 2013, ranking Arvada as the seventh most populous municipality in Colorado.[10] The Olde Town Arvada historic district is located 7 miles (11 km) northwest of the Colorado State Capitol in Denver.

Contents [hide]
1 History
1.1 Missionary shooting
2 Government
3 Geography
3.1 Climate
4 Transportation
5 Demographics
6 Economy
7 Notable people
8 Sister cities
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
History[edit]

Cable-stayed bridge at Gold Strike Park
The first documented discovery of gold in the Rocky Mountain region occurred on June 22, 1850, when Lewis Ralston, a Georgia prospector headed for the California gold fields, dipped his sluice pan into a small stream near its mouth at Clear Creek.[3] Ralston found about 1/4 ounce (6 g) of gold, then worth about five dollars. Ralston's companions named the stream Ralston's Creek in his honor, but they all left the next morning, drawn by the lure of California gold.

During the Pike's Peak Gold Rush in 1858, Ralston brought another group of prospectors back to the site of his first discovery. The placer gold in the area soon played out, but hard rock deposits of gold were found in the mountains to the west. Some of the miners abandoned their search for gold and returned to farm the rich bottom land along Ralston Creek and Clear Creek. They found an eager market for their crops among other gold seekers. The Territory of Colorado was formed on February 28, 1861, and the farms in the valley expanded to feed the growing population of the region.

In 1870, the Colorado Central Railroad laid tracks through the area on its route from Golden to link up with the Kansas Pacific Railroad and the Denver Pacific Railroad at Jersey Junction, 3 miles (5 km) north of Denver. On December 1, 1870, Benjamin F. Wadsworth and Louis A. Reno platted the Ralston Point townsite along the railroad. To avoid confusion with other communities along Ralston Creek, Ralston Point was soon renamed Arvada in honor of Hiram Arvada Haskin, brother-in-law of settler Mary Wadsworth.[11] Her husband, Benjamin Wadsworth, became the first postmaster of Arvada. Colorado was granted statehood on August 1, 1876, and the Town of Arvada was formally incorporated on August 14, 1

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