Chapter 2 Notes

Atoms are the basic unit of matter


They have a Proton +1
Neutron 0
Electron -1


Protons and Neutrons Make up the Atomic Mass, while Protons and Electrons make up the charge
Isotopes have the Same # of Atomic #, but different Atomic Mass.


Valence Electrons- are the electrons in the outer shell




ACIDS AND BASES-


Acids taste sour are poisonous
Change litmus paper red


Acids are compounds that give off their hydrogen ions (HCl ---- H + Cl


Bases taste bitter or are poisonous
Change ltimus paper blue


Bases are compounds that give off their hydroxide ions (OH-) KOH ---- K + OH


ACIDS DONATE HYDROGENS
BASES ACCEPT THE HYDROGEN


Conjugate Acids- bases with a hdrogen


Conjugate Base- Acid loses a hydrogen



Strong Acids will dissociate (break apart) to form a positive H+ and a negative ion



Strong Base will dissociate ( break apart) to form a positve ion and a negative hydroxide


pH is a measure of acidic or basic solution


pH scale is from 0 to 14 closes to 7 is neutral









Suspension- wont evenly mix
Solution- evenly mix


Carbohydrates have a monosaacharide monomer with a glycosidic linkage this macromolecule provide us with Energy


Proteins have amino acids monomers with a peptide bond, which help cellular linkage


Lipids have a fatty acids and glycerol monomer with an ester bond these help to store energy and barriers


Nucleic Acids have nucleotides as a monomer with a Phosphodiester bond, these help to store information



Carbohydrates- usually end in -ose


DNA- Deoxy


RNA- Ribose


Dehydration Synthesis- Bonds are formed through the removal of water.


Hydrolysis- Bonds are broken through the addition of water


Nucleotides have three parts: 1) a five carbon ribose sugar, 2) a phosphate molecule and 3) one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine or uracil.

Water Polarity
Water's polarity is responsible for many of its properties including its attractiveness to other molecules.


The difference in electronegativities between oxygen and hydrogen atoms creates partial negative and positive charges, respectively, on the atoms.


Water molecules attract or are attracted to other polar molecules.


Molecules that do not dissolve in water are known as hydrophobic (water fearing) molecules.



Source: Boundless. “Water’s Polarity.”

Van Der Waals- allows lizards to climb on walls
Hydrogen Bonding- attractive force between the hydrogen attached to an electronegative atom of one molecule and an electronegative atom of a different molecule.

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Ionic Bonds are when a Metal and a Non Metal share, a bond in which the Metal donates an electron to the non metal


Covalent Bonds- share electrons, and are when Non Metals are together


Chemical Compound- combination of 2 Elements w/ different chemical and physical properties than the element that forms it


A Molecule is a CC with only 1 Element

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This is Democritus' atomic theory exactly


1.All matter consists of invisible particles called atoms.

  1. Atoms are indestructible.
  2. Atoms are solid but invisible.
  3. Atoms are homogenous.
  4. Atoms differ in size, shape, mass, position, and arrangement.
    ->Solids are made of small, pointy atoms.
    ->Liquids are made of large, round atoms.
    ->Oils are made of very fine, small atoms that can easily slip past each other.

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Denaturing- when heated up to a certain point, an enzyme can denature and never work properly again

FOODS:
Carbohydrates: bread
Proteins- meat
Lipids- fat oil
Nucleic Acids- almost everything


Reagent-
Carbs- benedicts
Nucleic Acid- iodine
Proteins- Biuret
Lipids- Sudan 4

To calculate ph
pH= -log(H+)


To calculate pOH
pH + pOH= 14


To find the H ion use


10^--pH


TO find OH


10^-pOH


Arthenius H+ or H30+ produces OH- producer


Bronsted Lowry- Proton (H+) doner proton (H+)


Lewis electron pair acceptor e- pair doner

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Buffers- Weak Acid and Conjugate Bases or Weak base and Conjugate acid Prevents Change in pH.

Enzymes-
active site- is the region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction.


substrate- is a molecule upon which an enzyme acts.


Enzymes-

Enzymes-

Enzymes-

Enzymes-

Enzymes-

Enzymes-

In lock and key the active site has one single entry and in induced fit the active site is made of two components. This is the idea that the substrate plays a role in determining the final shape of the enzyme and that the enzyme is partially flexible.

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pH vs pOH
When acids are measured, the pH is less than 7, but the pOH is greater than 7.

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