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glossary (carbon cycle (intermediate and deep sea 37,100, ocean floor…
glossary (carbon cycle, acid- A substance that dissolves in water to produce hydrogen ions.,
Decomposition reaction-
A chemical reaction in which a compound is broken down into simpler substances. , Dehydrate-
To remove or lose water in a chemical reaction., alcohol- An organic compound containing a hydroxyl (OH) group, e.g., methanol, ethanol. The name always ends in -ol., Ductile-
Able to be stretched into a wire., alkali- A soluble base is called an alkali. Includes the hydroxides of alkali metals and ammonium. Turns red litmus paper blue., Displacement reaction-
A reaction where one reactant is replaced by another reactant, e.g., a less reactive metal will come out of solution and a more reactive metal will dissolve to replace it., alkali metal- An element found in group 1 of the periodic table, e.g., sodium, potassium., Electrolysis-
An electro-chemical process in which current is passed between two electrodes through an ionised solution (electrolyte) to deposit positive ions on the negative electrode (cathode) and negative ions on the positive electrode (anode). Electrolysis is used in industry to extract and purify reactive metals, e.g., aluminium., Electrolyte-
A solution in which the ions are free to move and conduct electricity., alkali earth metal- An element found in group 2 of the periodic table, e.g., magnesium, calcium., Electron-
A sub-atomic particle with a negative charge. Electrons travel in orbitals around the nucleus of an atom., Electron configuration-
The number and arrangement of electrons in orbitals around the nucleus of an atom., Element-
A substance made up of only one kind of atom., alootrope- A form of an element with a different structural arrangement of atoms; this results in different physical properties, e.g., diamond and graphite are both allotropes of carbon., alloy- A mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, e.g., steel, bronze, pewter., anode- The electrode at which oxidation takes place., atomic mass- The total mass of the protons and neutrons in an atom., atomic number- The number of protons in an atom., base- a substance that dissolves in water to produce hydroxide ions , Endothermic reaction-
A chemical reaction which involves taking in of energy. (Reaction container becomes cold), beta radiation- Emission of beta particles (electrons) in a nuclear reaction., Energy level-
Obits of electrons around the nucleus of an atom have specific energy levels. The further away from the nucleus the higher the energy of the orbital., catalyst- A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction, but itself remains unchanged at the end of the reaction., Exothermic reaction-
A chemical reaction in which energy is released in the form of heat., fuel cell-
A cell producing an electric current from a chemical reaction e.g., hydrogen cell., Galvanise-
To place a thin layer of zinc on a metal, e.g., iron, to protect the underlying surface from corrosion., Gamma ray-
Electromagnetic radiation of high energy that can be emitted from radioactive substances., cathode- the electrode at which reduction takes place., group-
A vertical column of the periodic table containing elements with similar outer electron configuration., chemical equation- A summary of the reactants and products in a chemical reaction., Half-life-
The time taken for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay., Halide-
A binary compound containing a halogen, e.g., sodium chloride, potassium fluoride, calcium bromide., chemical reaction- A change that results in new substances being formed., Halogen-
An element in group 7 of the periodic table, e.g., fluorine, chlorine, iodine., combustion- A chemical reaction in which a fuel reacts with oxygen to release energy., compound- A substance made up of two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds., concentration- The strength of a solution, as determined by the amount of a substance (solute) dissolved in the solvent., corrosive- The process in which a metal reacts with air, water or other substances to form rust. A corrosive substance can destroy another substance by contact e.g., strong acids and bases., covalent bond- A force between non-metal atoms due to the sharing of electrons to form molecules., covalent compound- A compound that is formed by the sharing of electrons between non-metallic elements., Ionic bond-
A force between metallic and non-metallic particles due to attraction between positive and negatively charged ions., proton- Positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom. Each element has a different specific number of protons in its nucleus., Ionic compound-
A compound formed from metal and non-metal ions., radiation- The process in which energy is transmitted as particles or waves (e.g., gamma rays, beta particles)., radioactivity- The spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nucleus leading to the emission of radiation., Isotope-
An atom of the same element with a different number of neutrons., radioisotope-
An atom with an unstable nucleus that decays to form a more stable nucleus of a different element. , reliability- The reliability of an experiment is a measure of its consistency; if repeated the same results are obtained., Malleable-
Able to be beaten into another shape without breaking., reactants- The substances present before a chemical change takes place., strong acids/bases-
Strong acid and bases dissociate completely into ions when they are in solution, Matter-Anything that takes up space and has mass., Molecular model-
A model representing the arrangement of atoms and shape of a molecule., molecule-
Two or more atoms chemically combined together in fixed proportions., Native element-
An element that is so stable that it is found in nature as the pure element, e.g., sulfur, gold., universal indicator- A mixture of different indicators and undergoes a series of colour changes over a range of pH values from 0 to 14., neutral-
Neither acidic nor basic. A substance with equal amounts of hydroxide and hydrogen ions and a pH of 7., strong acid/bases- Strong acid and bases dissociate completely into ions when they are in solution. , vitriolic-
A term used to describe someone who is spiteful, acerbic or malicious. In chemistry, this term is used to describe sulfuric acid. , valency The combining power of an atom determined by the number of outer shell electrons., weak acid/bases Weak acids and bases largely remain as molecules in solution and so there are fewer hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions present. , atmosphere 589 + 240 + 10 )